Geochemical properties of topsoil around the open coal mine and Oslomej thermoelectric power plant, R. Macedonia
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Published:
Feb 18, 2014
Keywords:
geochemistry, multivariate statistics, potentially toxic elements, geochemical mapping, Kičevo
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Abstract
The results of a first systematic study of spatial distribution of different elements in surface soil over of the Kičevo region, Republic of Macedonia, known for its coal mine and thermal power plant activity are reported. The investigated region (148 km2) is covered by sparse sampling grid of 2×2 km; but in the urban zone and around the thermal power plant the sampling grid is denser (1×1 km). In total 52 topsoil samples (0–5 cm) were collected. Inductively coupled plasma – atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was applied for the determinations of 18 elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg,Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn). Based on factor analyses three natural geogenic associations of elements havebeen defined: Cr-Ni-Li-Co-Fe-As; Al-Ca-Mg-Sr; Ba-K-Cu and Ba-K-Cu). Even the distributions of typical heavy metals such as Pb and Zn which are not isolated into anthropogenic geochemical association by multivariate statisticalmethods but they still show trends of local anthropogenic enrichment. First of all the distribution of Pb is influenced by the coal open pit and thermal powerplant “Oslomej” but also by river transport of eroded material from the ironmine “Tajmište” in alluvial sediments of the river Zajaska. The distribution of Zn is influenced by the “Metal industry Kičevo” operation and this distributionis result of atmospheric transport.
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References
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CHEN, T.B., ZHENG, Y.M., LEI, M., HUANG, Z.C., WU, H.T., CHEN, H., FAN, K.K., YU, K., WU, X. & TIAN, Q.Z. (2005): Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China. – Chemosphere, 60, 542–551.
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DAVIS, J.C. (1986): Statistic and Data Analysis in Geology. – Willey in Sons, New York, 651 p.
DUMURDJANOV, N., STOJANOV, R. & PETROVSKI, K. (1972): Basic geological map of SFRY 1: 100000, sheet Kruševo – In Macedonian. – Federal Geological Survey, Beograd, 58 p.
GJORGIEVA, D., KADIFKOVA-PANOVSKA, T., BAČEVA, K. & STAFILOV T. (2010): Selected microelements in herbs of medicinal importance growing in polluted and unpolluted area. – Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 61, 297–303.
GJORGIEVA, D., KADIFKOVA-PANOVSKA, T., BAČEVA, K. & STAFILOV T. (2011): Assessment of heavy metal pollution in R. Macedonia using plant assay. – Archives of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 60, 233–240.
KABATA-PENDIAS, A. & PENDIAS, H. (2001): Trace Elements in Soil and Plants, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
LAZAREVSKI, A. (1993): Climate in Macedonia – in Macedonian, Kultura, Skopje.
LE MAITRE, R.W. (1982): Numerical Petrology, Statistical Interpretation of Geochemical Data. – Elsevier, Amsterdam, 281 p.
PETKOVSKI, P. & IVANOVSKI, T. (1973): Basic geological map of SFRY 1:100000, sheet Kičevo – in Macedonian. – Federal Geological Survey, Beograd, 69 p.
PRUVOT, C., DOUAY, F., HERVE, F. & WATERLOT, C. (2006).Heavy metals in soil, crops and grass as a source of human exposure in the former mining areas. – Journal of Soils and Sediments, 6, 215–220.
REIMANN, C., ALBANESE, S., BATISTA, M.J., BEL-LAN, A., BIRKE, M., CICCHELLA, D., DEMETRIADES, A., DE VIVO, B., DE VOS, W., DINELLI, E., DURIS, M., DUSZA-DOBEK, A., ERNSTSEN, V., FLIGHT, D., GILUCIS, A., GOSAR, M., GREGORAUSKIENE, V., GULAN, A., HAYOZ, P., HALAMIC, J., HASLINGER, E., HRVATOVIC, H., ION, A., IVANOVNA, Y., JOHNSON, C., JORDAN, G., KISIVILLA, J., KLEIN, P., KWECKO, P., LAX, K., LIMA, A., LOCUTURA, J., MALYUK, B.I., MAQUIL, R., MARKU, S., MARTINS, L., MAZREKU, A., MESSINA, A., O’CONNOR, P., OTTESEN, R.T., PASIECZNA, A., PETERSELL, W., REEDER, S., SALPETEUR, I., SCHEDL, A., SEFCIK, P., SLANINKA, I., SORSA, A., SELINUS, O., STAFILOV, T., TARVAINEN, T., TRENDAVILOV, V., UTERMANN, J., VALERA, P., VIDOJEVIC, D. & VOLDEN, T. (2008): Eurogeosurveys geochemical mapping of agricultural and grazing land soil of Europe (GEMAS), Field manual, NGU Report 2008.038. – Geological Survey of Norway, 46 p.
REIMANN, C., FILZMOSER, P. & GARRETT, R.G. (2002): Factor analysis applied to regional geochemical data: problems and possibilities. – Applied Geochemistry, 17, 185–206.
SALMINEN R., BATISTA M.J., BIDOVEC M., DEMETRIADES A., DE VIVO B., DE VOS W., DURIS M., GILUCIS A., GREGORAUSKIENE V., HALAMIĆ J., HEITZMANN P., JORDAN G., KLAVER G., KLEIN P., LIS J., LOCUTURA J., MARSINA K., MAZREKU A., O’CONNOR P.J., OLSSON S.A., OTTESEN R.T., PETERSELL V., PLANT J.A., REEDER S., SALPETEUR I., SANDSTRÖM H., SIEWERS U., STEENFELT A. & TARVAINEN T. (2005): Geochemical Atlas of Europe, Part 1, Background Information, Methodology and Maps. – Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, 526 p.
SNEDECOR, G.W. & COCHRAN, W.G. (1967): Statistical Methods. – The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 575 p.
STAFILOV, T., ŠAJN, R., PANČEVSKI, Z., BOEV, B., FRONTASYEVA, M.V. & STRELKOVA, L.P. (2008a): Geochemical Atlas of Veles and the Environs. – Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje.
STAFILOV, T., ŠAJN, R., BOEV, B., CVETKOVIĆ, J., MUKAETOV, D. & ANDREEVSKI, M. (2008b): Geochemical Atlas of Kavadarci and the Environs. – Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje.
STAFILOV, T., ŠAJN, R., PANČEVSKI, Z., BOEV, B., FRONTASYEVA, M.V. & STRELKOVA, L.P., (2010a): Heavy metal contamination of surface soils around a lead and zinc smelter in the Republic of Macedonia. – Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175, 896–914.
STAFILOV, T., ŠAJN, R., BOEV, B., CVETKOVIĆ, J., MUKAETOV, D., ANDREEVSKI, M. & LEPITKOVA, S., (2010b): Distribution of some elements in surface soil over the Kavadarci Region, Republic of Macedonia. – Environmental Earth Sciences, 61, 1515–1530.
STAFILOV, T., BALABANOVA, B., ŠAJN, R., BAČEVA, K. & BOEV, B., (2010c): Geochemical Atlas of Radoviš and the Environs and the Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Air. – Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje.
ŠAJN, R. (2003): Distribution of chemical elements in attic dust and soil as reflection of lithology and anthropogenic influence in Slovenia. – Journal de Physique, 107, 1173–1176.
ŠAJN, R. (2005): Using attic dust and soil for the separation of anthropogenic and geogenic elemental distributions in an old metallurgic area (Celje, Slovenia). – Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 5, 59–67.
ŠAJN, R. (2006): Factor analysis of soil and attic-dust to separate mining and metallurgy influence, Meza Valley, Slovenia. – Mathematical Geology, 38, 735–747.
ŠAJN, R., HALAMIĆ, J., PEH, Z., GALOVIĆ, L., ALIJAGIĆ, J. (2011): Assessment of the natural and anthropogenic sources of chemical elements in alluvial soils from the Drava River using multivariate statistical methods. – Journal of geochemical exploration, 110, 278-289.
WILSON, B., LANG, B. & PYATT, F.B. (2005): The dispersion of heavy metals in the vicinity of Britannia Mine, British Columbia, Canada. – Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60, 269–276.
BALABANOVA, B., STAFILOV, T., ŠAJN, R. & BAČEVA, K. (2011): Distribution of chemical elements in attic dust as reflection of lithology and anthropogenic influence in the vicinity of copper mine and flotation. – Archives of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 61, 173–184.
BARANDOVSKI, L., CEKOVA, M., FRONTASYEVA, M.V., PAVLOV, S.S., STAFILOV, T., STEINNES, E. & URUMOV, V. (2008): Atmospheric deposition of trace element pollutants in Macedonia studied by the moss biomonitoring technique. – Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 138, 107–111.
BORŮVKA, L., VACEK, O. & JEHLIČKA, J. (2005): Principal component analysis as a tool to indicate the origin of potentially toxic elements in soils. – Geoderma, 128, 289–300.
CHEN, T.B., ZHENG, Y.M., LEI, M., HUANG, Z.C., WU, H.T., CHEN, H., FAN, K.K., YU, K., WU, X. & TIAN, Q.Z. (2005): Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China. – Chemosphere, 60, 542–551.
DARNLEY, A.G., BJÖRKLUND, A., BOLVIKEN, B., GUSTAVSSON, N., KOVAL, P.V., PLANT, J.A., STEENFELT, A., TAUCHID, M., XUEJING, X., GARRETT, R.G. & HALL, G.E.M. (1995): A global geochemical database for environmental and resource management. Recommendations for international geochemical mapping. – Final report of IGCP project 259, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, 122 p.
DAVIDSON, C.M., URQUHART, G.J., BIASIOLI, M., DUARTE, A.D., DIAZ-BARRIENTOS, E., GRCMAN, H., HOSSACK, L., HURSTHOUSE, A.S., MADRID, L.S. RODRIGUES, S. & ZUPAN, M. (2006): Fractionation of potentially toxic elements in urban soils from five European cities by means of a harmonised sequential extraction procedure. – Analytica Chimica Acta, 565, 63–72.
DAVIS, J.C. (1986): Statistic and Data Analysis in Geology. – Willey in Sons, New York, 651 p.
DUMURDJANOV, N., STOJANOV, R. & PETROVSKI, K. (1972): Basic geological map of SFRY 1: 100000, sheet Kruševo – In Macedonian. – Federal Geological Survey, Beograd, 58 p.
GJORGIEVA, D., KADIFKOVA-PANOVSKA, T., BAČEVA, K. & STAFILOV T. (2010): Selected microelements in herbs of medicinal importance growing in polluted and unpolluted area. – Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 61, 297–303.
GJORGIEVA, D., KADIFKOVA-PANOVSKA, T., BAČEVA, K. & STAFILOV T. (2011): Assessment of heavy metal pollution in R. Macedonia using plant assay. – Archives of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 60, 233–240.
KABATA-PENDIAS, A. & PENDIAS, H. (2001): Trace Elements in Soil and Plants, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
LAZAREVSKI, A. (1993): Climate in Macedonia – in Macedonian, Kultura, Skopje.
LE MAITRE, R.W. (1982): Numerical Petrology, Statistical Interpretation of Geochemical Data. – Elsevier, Amsterdam, 281 p.
PETKOVSKI, P. & IVANOVSKI, T. (1973): Basic geological map of SFRY 1:100000, sheet Kičevo – in Macedonian. – Federal Geological Survey, Beograd, 69 p.
PRUVOT, C., DOUAY, F., HERVE, F. & WATERLOT, C. (2006).Heavy metals in soil, crops and grass as a source of human exposure in the former mining areas. – Journal of Soils and Sediments, 6, 215–220.
REIMANN, C., ALBANESE, S., BATISTA, M.J., BEL-LAN, A., BIRKE, M., CICCHELLA, D., DEMETRIADES, A., DE VIVO, B., DE VOS, W., DINELLI, E., DURIS, M., DUSZA-DOBEK, A., ERNSTSEN, V., FLIGHT, D., GILUCIS, A., GOSAR, M., GREGORAUSKIENE, V., GULAN, A., HAYOZ, P., HALAMIC, J., HASLINGER, E., HRVATOVIC, H., ION, A., IVANOVNA, Y., JOHNSON, C., JORDAN, G., KISIVILLA, J., KLEIN, P., KWECKO, P., LAX, K., LIMA, A., LOCUTURA, J., MALYUK, B.I., MAQUIL, R., MARKU, S., MARTINS, L., MAZREKU, A., MESSINA, A., O’CONNOR, P., OTTESEN, R.T., PASIECZNA, A., PETERSELL, W., REEDER, S., SALPETEUR, I., SCHEDL, A., SEFCIK, P., SLANINKA, I., SORSA, A., SELINUS, O., STAFILOV, T., TARVAINEN, T., TRENDAVILOV, V., UTERMANN, J., VALERA, P., VIDOJEVIC, D. & VOLDEN, T. (2008): Eurogeosurveys geochemical mapping of agricultural and grazing land soil of Europe (GEMAS), Field manual, NGU Report 2008.038. – Geological Survey of Norway, 46 p.
REIMANN, C., FILZMOSER, P. & GARRETT, R.G. (2002): Factor analysis applied to regional geochemical data: problems and possibilities. – Applied Geochemistry, 17, 185–206.
SALMINEN R., BATISTA M.J., BIDOVEC M., DEMETRIADES A., DE VIVO B., DE VOS W., DURIS M., GILUCIS A., GREGORAUSKIENE V., HALAMIĆ J., HEITZMANN P., JORDAN G., KLAVER G., KLEIN P., LIS J., LOCUTURA J., MARSINA K., MAZREKU A., O’CONNOR P.J., OLSSON S.A., OTTESEN R.T., PETERSELL V., PLANT J.A., REEDER S., SALPETEUR I., SANDSTRÖM H., SIEWERS U., STEENFELT A. & TARVAINEN T. (2005): Geochemical Atlas of Europe, Part 1, Background Information, Methodology and Maps. – Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, 526 p.
SNEDECOR, G.W. & COCHRAN, W.G. (1967): Statistical Methods. – The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 575 p.
STAFILOV, T., ŠAJN, R., PANČEVSKI, Z., BOEV, B., FRONTASYEVA, M.V. & STRELKOVA, L.P. (2008a): Geochemical Atlas of Veles and the Environs. – Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje.
STAFILOV, T., ŠAJN, R., BOEV, B., CVETKOVIĆ, J., MUKAETOV, D. & ANDREEVSKI, M. (2008b): Geochemical Atlas of Kavadarci and the Environs. – Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje.
STAFILOV, T., ŠAJN, R., PANČEVSKI, Z., BOEV, B., FRONTASYEVA, M.V. & STRELKOVA, L.P., (2010a): Heavy metal contamination of surface soils around a lead and zinc smelter in the Republic of Macedonia. – Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175, 896–914.
STAFILOV, T., ŠAJN, R., BOEV, B., CVETKOVIĆ, J., MUKAETOV, D., ANDREEVSKI, M. & LEPITKOVA, S., (2010b): Distribution of some elements in surface soil over the Kavadarci Region, Republic of Macedonia. – Environmental Earth Sciences, 61, 1515–1530.
STAFILOV, T., BALABANOVA, B., ŠAJN, R., BAČEVA, K. & BOEV, B., (2010c): Geochemical Atlas of Radoviš and the Environs and the Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Air. – Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Skopje.
ŠAJN, R. (2003): Distribution of chemical elements in attic dust and soil as reflection of lithology and anthropogenic influence in Slovenia. – Journal de Physique, 107, 1173–1176.
ŠAJN, R. (2005): Using attic dust and soil for the separation of anthropogenic and geogenic elemental distributions in an old metallurgic area (Celje, Slovenia). – Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 5, 59–67.
ŠAJN, R. (2006): Factor analysis of soil and attic-dust to separate mining and metallurgy influence, Meza Valley, Slovenia. – Mathematical Geology, 38, 735–747.
ŠAJN, R., HALAMIĆ, J., PEH, Z., GALOVIĆ, L., ALIJAGIĆ, J. (2011): Assessment of the natural and anthropogenic sources of chemical elements in alluvial soils from the Drava River using multivariate statistical methods. – Journal of geochemical exploration, 110, 278-289.
WILSON, B., LANG, B. & PYATT, F.B. (2005): The dispersion of heavy metals in the vicinity of Britannia Mine, British Columbia, Canada. – Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60, 269–276.