Development of framboidal pyrite in the Upper Permian marly limestone of the NE-Hungarian Darnó Hill
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Published:
Nov 9, 2013
Keywords:
Weakly mineralized Kupferschiefer, Permian-Triassic sediments, framboidal pyrite
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Abstract
The NE Hungarian Darnó Hill has a complex geology; it is built up by an accrétionary mélange complex, which contains Permian, Triassic and Jurassic sedimentary and magmatic blocks too. The succession can be well correlated with the NW Dinarides, and evidences of the different evolutionary stages of the Neotethyan Ocean (rifting, marginal basin opening, closure) were described too.
Several ore indications are known from this area, but their genesis was by far not well reconstructed, mostly because of the complexity of the geological background. The present study deals with one of these indications found in deep drillings. A framboidal pyrite bearing Permian-Triassic marly limestone series was investigated, which was described earlier as a possible analogy of the Polish-German copper shales (Kupferschiefer).
Based on detailed microscopic, EPMA and whole rock geochemical analyses, it was found, that besides the framboidal pyrite, euhedral pyrite overgrowths (both contain high amount of Au), disseminated euhedral and anhedral pyrite (which do not form framboids or overgrowths), anhedral chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite were also found, causing a slightly enriched total metal content of 100-200 ppm. The minerals were formed under reducing, anoxic marine conditions, in more steps; after the synsedimentary processes, sulphides formed during early diagenetic/hydrothermal processes too. The found characteristics are typical to the weakly mineralized type of the Kupferschiefer.
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References
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BAKSA, CS., CSILLAG, J., DOBOSI, G. & FÖLDESSY, J. (1981): Rézpala indikáció a Darnó-hegyen (Copper shale indication on the Darnó Hill). − Földt. Közl., 111: 59-66 (in Hungarian with English abstract)
BOYNTON, W. V. (1984): Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In: Henderson P. (ed.): Rare Earth Element Geochemistry. − Elsevier, Amsterdam, 63-114
CSONTOS, L. (1995): Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Intra-Carpathian area: A rewiev. − Acta Vulc, 7/2: 1-13
CSONTOS, L. (1999): A Bükk-hegység szerkezetének főbb vonásai (Structure of the Bükk Mts.). − Földt Közl, 129/4: 611-651 (in Hungarian)
DIMITRIJEVIĆ, M. N., DIMITRIJEVIĆ, M. D., KARAMATA, S., SUDAR, M., GERZINA, N., KOVÁCS, S., DOSZTÁLY, L., GULÁCSI, Z., LESS, GY. & PELIKÁN, P. (2003): Olistostrome/mélanges – an overview of the problems and preliminary comparison of such formations in Yugoslavia and NE Hungary. − Slovak Geol Mag, 9/1: 3-21
FÖLDESSY, J. (1975): Petrological study of a diabase-spilit magmatic rock suit, Darnó-hegy (Sirok, Hungary). − Proc. Xth Congr. CBGA 1973, 55-64
GROMET, P. L., DYMEK R. F., HASKIN L. A. & KOROTEC R. L. (1984): The “North American shale composite”: Its compilation, major and trace element characteristics. − Geochim et Cosmochim Acta, 48: 2469-2482
HAAS, J. & KOVÁCS, S. (2001): The Dinaric-Alpine connection—as seen from Hungary. − Acta Geol Hung, 44/2–3:345–362
HAAS, J., KOVÁCS, S., PELIKÁN, P., KÖVÉR, SZ., GÖRÖG, Á., OZSVÁRT, P., JÓZSA, S. & NÉMETH, N. (2011): A Neotethys-óceán akkréciós komplexumának maradványai Észak-Magyarországon (Remnants of the Neotethyan accretionary complexes in N-Hungary). − Földt Közl, 141/2:167-196 (in Hungarian, with English abstract)
HAIDINGER, W. (1850): Note über das Vorkommen von gediegenem Kupfer zu Recsk bei Erlau in Ungarn. − Jahrb. der Geol. Reichsanstalt, I: 145-149
HARANGI, SZ., SZABÓ, CS., JÓZSA, S., SZOLDÁN, ZS., ÁRVA-SÓS, E., BALLA, M. & KUBOVICS, I. (1996): Mesozoic igneous suites in Hungary: implications for genesis and tectonic settings in the Northwestern part of Tethys. − Int. Geol. Rev., 38:336–360
HITZMAN, M. W., SELLEY, D. & BULL, S. (2010): Formation of Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Stratiform Copper Deposits through Earth History. − Econ. Geol., 105: 627-639
KISS, G., MOLNÁR, F. & PALINKAŠ, L. A. (2008): Volcanic facies and hydrothermal processes in Triassic pillow basalts from the Darnó Unit, NE Hungary. − Geol. Croat. 61/2–3:385–394
KISS, G., MOLNÁR, F., †KOVÁCS, S. & PALINKAŠ, L. A. (2010): Field characteristics and petrography of the advanced rifting related Triassic submarine basaltic blocks in the Jurassic mélange of the Darnó Unit. − Centr. Eur. Geol., 53/2-3: 181-204
KISS, G., MOLNÁR, F., PALINKAŠ, L. A., KOVÁCS, S. & HRVATOVIĆ, H. (2012): Correlation of Triassic advanced rifting related Neotethyan submarine basaltic volcanism of the Darnó Unit (NE Hungary) with some Dinaridic and Hellenidic occurrences on the basis of volcanological, fluid-rock interaction and geochemical characteristics. − Int. J. Earth Sci., 101/6:1503-1521
KISS, J. (1958): Ércföldtani vizsgálatok a Darnó-hegyen (Ore geological studies on the Darnó Hill). − Földt. Közl., 88: (in Hungarian)
KORPÁS, L. A., HOFSTRA, A., ÓDOR, L., HORVÁTH, I., HAAS, J. & ZELENKA, T. (1999): Evaluation of the prospected areas and formation. In: Carlin gold in Hungary. − Geol. Hung. Ser. Geol., 24: 197-293
KOVÁCS, S., HAAS, J., SZEBÉNYI, G., GULÁCSI, Z., PELIKÁN, P., B.-ÁRGYELÁN, G., JÓZSA, S., GÖRÖG, Á., OZSVÁRT, P., GECSE, ZS. & SZABÓ, I. (2008): Permo-Mesozoic formations of the Recsk-Darnó Hill area: stratigraphy and structure of the pre-tertiary basement of the paleogene Recsk orefield. In: Földessy J, Hartai É (ed) Recsk and Lahóca Geology of the Paleogene ore complex. − Geosciences, Publications of the University of Miskolc, Series A, Mining 73:33–56
†KOVÁCS, S., HAAS, J., OZSVÁRT,P., PALINKAŠ, L. A., KISS, G., MOLNÁR, F., JÓZSA, S. & KÖVÉR, SZ. (2010): Re-evaluation of the Mesozoic complexes of Darnó Hill (NE Hungary) and comparisons with Neotethyan accretionary complexes of the Dinarides and Hellenides – preliminary data. − Centr. Eur. Geol., 53/2-3: 205-231
LARGE, R. R., BULL, S. W. & MASLENNIKOV, V. V. (2011): A Carbonaceous Sedimentary Source-Rock Model for Carlin-Type and Orogenic Gold Deposits. − Econ. Geol., 106: 331-358
LARGE, R. R., DANYUSHEVSKY, L., HOLLIT, C., MASLENNIKOV, V., MEFFRE, S., GILBERT, S., BULL, S., SCOTT, R., EMSBO, P., THOMAS, H., SINGH, B. & FOSTER, J. (2009): Gold and trace element zonation in pyrite using a laser imaging technique: Implications for the timing of gold in orogenic and Carlin-style sediment-hosted deposits. − Econ. Geol., 104: 635–668
LEFEBURE, D.V. & ALLDRICK, D.J. (1996): Sediment-hosted Cu+/-Ag+/-Co. In: LEFEBURE, D.V. & HÕY T. (Eds): Selected British Columbia Mineral Deposit Profiles, Vol. 2 - Metallic Deposits. − British Columbia Ministry of Employment and Investment, Open File 1996-13: 13-16
LEVINSON, A. A. (1974): Introduction to exploration geochemistry. Calgary, Canada, Applied Publishing Ltd., 612 p.
MEZŐSI, J. & GRASSELLY, GY. (1949): A bajpataki (Mátra hgs.) termésréz előfordulás (The occurrence of native copper in the Mátra Mountains at Bajpatak). − Acta Mineral., Petrogr., III: 44-47 (bilingual paper)
MITCHELL, R. M. (1968): A semi-quantitative study of trace elements in pyrite by spark source mass spectrography. − Norsk. Geol. Tidsskr., 48: 65-80
MOLNÁR, F. (2007): The Cu-Au-Ag-Zn-Pb ore complex at Recsk: a uniquely preserved and explored porphyry-skarn-epithermal system. – Proceedings of the 9th Biannual SGA Meeting, Dublin, Ireland, 1: 226-240
MOLNÁR, ZS. & KISS, G. (2013): Study of the epigenetic copper occurrence of the Darnó Hill and its correlation with some Dinaridic and Hellenidic occurrences. Geoscience Meeting and Exhibition, Abstract book, ISBN: 978-693-8221-50-6
OHFUJI, H. & RICKARD, D. (2005): Experimental synthesis of framboids—a review. − Earth. Sci. Rev., 71: 147–170
ORAVECZ, J. (1978): Az Rm-131-es sz. fúrás alaphegységi rétegsorának vizsgálata (Stratigraphical study of the Rm-131 drilling). − Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Geology, manuscript
PALINKAŠ, L. A., BOROJEVIĆ ŠOŠTARIĆ, S. & STRMIĆ PALINKAŠ, S. (2008): Metallogeny of the Northwestern and Central Dinarides and Southern Tisia. − Ore Geol. Rev., 34: 501-520
RAISWELL, R. & PLANT, J. (1980): The incorporation of trace elements into pyrite during diagenesis of black shales, Yorkshire, England. − Econ. Geol., 75: 684–699
REICH, M., KESLER, S.E., UTSUNOMIYA, S., PALENIK, C. S., CHRYSSOULIS, S. L. & EWING, R. (2005): Solubility of gold in arsenian pyrite. − Geochem et Cosmochim Acta, 69: 2781–2796
SCHMID, M. S., BERNOULLI, D., FÜGENSCHUH, B., MATENCO, L., SCHEFER, S., SCHUSTER, R., TISCHLER, M. & USTASZEWSKI, K. (2008): The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units. − Swiss J Geosci, 101/1: 139-183
SCHROETER, T. & POULSEN, H. (1996): Carbonate-hosted Disseminated Au-Ag. In: LEFEBURE D.V. & HÕY T. (Eds): Selected British Columbia Mineral Deposit Profiles, Vol. 2 - Metallic Deposits. − British Columbia Ministry of Employment and Investment, Open File 1996-13: 9-12
SCOTT, R. J., MEFFRE, S., WOODHEAD, J., GILBERT, S. E., BERRY, R. F. & EMSBO, P. (2009): Development of Framboidal Pyrite During Diagenesis, Low-Grade Regional Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Alteration. − Econ. Geol., 104: 1143-1168
VAUGHAN, D. J., SWEENEY, M., FRIEDRICH, G., DIEDEL, R. & HARANCZYK, C. (1989): The Kupferschiefer: An Overview with an Appraisal of the Different Types of Mineralization. − Econ Geol, 84: 1003-1027
BAKSA, CS., CSILLAG, J., DOBOSI, G. & FÖLDESSY, J. (1981): Rézpala indikáció a Darnó-hegyen (Copper shale indication on the Darnó Hill). − Földt. Közl., 111: 59-66 (in Hungarian with English abstract)
BOYNTON, W. V. (1984): Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In: Henderson P. (ed.): Rare Earth Element Geochemistry. − Elsevier, Amsterdam, 63-114
CSONTOS, L. (1995): Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Intra-Carpathian area: A rewiev. − Acta Vulc, 7/2: 1-13
CSONTOS, L. (1999): A Bükk-hegység szerkezetének főbb vonásai (Structure of the Bükk Mts.). − Földt Közl, 129/4: 611-651 (in Hungarian)
DIMITRIJEVIĆ, M. N., DIMITRIJEVIĆ, M. D., KARAMATA, S., SUDAR, M., GERZINA, N., KOVÁCS, S., DOSZTÁLY, L., GULÁCSI, Z., LESS, GY. & PELIKÁN, P. (2003): Olistostrome/mélanges – an overview of the problems and preliminary comparison of such formations in Yugoslavia and NE Hungary. − Slovak Geol Mag, 9/1: 3-21
FÖLDESSY, J. (1975): Petrological study of a diabase-spilit magmatic rock suit, Darnó-hegy (Sirok, Hungary). − Proc. Xth Congr. CBGA 1973, 55-64
GROMET, P. L., DYMEK R. F., HASKIN L. A. & KOROTEC R. L. (1984): The “North American shale composite”: Its compilation, major and trace element characteristics. − Geochim et Cosmochim Acta, 48: 2469-2482
HAAS, J. & KOVÁCS, S. (2001): The Dinaric-Alpine connection—as seen from Hungary. − Acta Geol Hung, 44/2–3:345–362
HAAS, J., KOVÁCS, S., PELIKÁN, P., KÖVÉR, SZ., GÖRÖG, Á., OZSVÁRT, P., JÓZSA, S. & NÉMETH, N. (2011): A Neotethys-óceán akkréciós komplexumának maradványai Észak-Magyarországon (Remnants of the Neotethyan accretionary complexes in N-Hungary). − Földt Közl, 141/2:167-196 (in Hungarian, with English abstract)
HAIDINGER, W. (1850): Note über das Vorkommen von gediegenem Kupfer zu Recsk bei Erlau in Ungarn. − Jahrb. der Geol. Reichsanstalt, I: 145-149
HARANGI, SZ., SZABÓ, CS., JÓZSA, S., SZOLDÁN, ZS., ÁRVA-SÓS, E., BALLA, M. & KUBOVICS, I. (1996): Mesozoic igneous suites in Hungary: implications for genesis and tectonic settings in the Northwestern part of Tethys. − Int. Geol. Rev., 38:336–360
HITZMAN, M. W., SELLEY, D. & BULL, S. (2010): Formation of Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Stratiform Copper Deposits through Earth History. − Econ. Geol., 105: 627-639
KISS, G., MOLNÁR, F. & PALINKAŠ, L. A. (2008): Volcanic facies and hydrothermal processes in Triassic pillow basalts from the Darnó Unit, NE Hungary. − Geol. Croat. 61/2–3:385–394
KISS, G., MOLNÁR, F., †KOVÁCS, S. & PALINKAŠ, L. A. (2010): Field characteristics and petrography of the advanced rifting related Triassic submarine basaltic blocks in the Jurassic mélange of the Darnó Unit. − Centr. Eur. Geol., 53/2-3: 181-204
KISS, G., MOLNÁR, F., PALINKAŠ, L. A., KOVÁCS, S. & HRVATOVIĆ, H. (2012): Correlation of Triassic advanced rifting related Neotethyan submarine basaltic volcanism of the Darnó Unit (NE Hungary) with some Dinaridic and Hellenidic occurrences on the basis of volcanological, fluid-rock interaction and geochemical characteristics. − Int. J. Earth Sci., 101/6:1503-1521
KISS, J. (1958): Ércföldtani vizsgálatok a Darnó-hegyen (Ore geological studies on the Darnó Hill). − Földt. Közl., 88: (in Hungarian)
KORPÁS, L. A., HOFSTRA, A., ÓDOR, L., HORVÁTH, I., HAAS, J. & ZELENKA, T. (1999): Evaluation of the prospected areas and formation. In: Carlin gold in Hungary. − Geol. Hung. Ser. Geol., 24: 197-293
KOVÁCS, S., HAAS, J., SZEBÉNYI, G., GULÁCSI, Z., PELIKÁN, P., B.-ÁRGYELÁN, G., JÓZSA, S., GÖRÖG, Á., OZSVÁRT, P., GECSE, ZS. & SZABÓ, I. (2008): Permo-Mesozoic formations of the Recsk-Darnó Hill area: stratigraphy and structure of the pre-tertiary basement of the paleogene Recsk orefield. In: Földessy J, Hartai É (ed) Recsk and Lahóca Geology of the Paleogene ore complex. − Geosciences, Publications of the University of Miskolc, Series A, Mining 73:33–56
†KOVÁCS, S., HAAS, J., OZSVÁRT,P., PALINKAŠ, L. A., KISS, G., MOLNÁR, F., JÓZSA, S. & KÖVÉR, SZ. (2010): Re-evaluation of the Mesozoic complexes of Darnó Hill (NE Hungary) and comparisons with Neotethyan accretionary complexes of the Dinarides and Hellenides – preliminary data. − Centr. Eur. Geol., 53/2-3: 205-231
LARGE, R. R., BULL, S. W. & MASLENNIKOV, V. V. (2011): A Carbonaceous Sedimentary Source-Rock Model for Carlin-Type and Orogenic Gold Deposits. − Econ. Geol., 106: 331-358
LARGE, R. R., DANYUSHEVSKY, L., HOLLIT, C., MASLENNIKOV, V., MEFFRE, S., GILBERT, S., BULL, S., SCOTT, R., EMSBO, P., THOMAS, H., SINGH, B. & FOSTER, J. (2009): Gold and trace element zonation in pyrite using a laser imaging technique: Implications for the timing of gold in orogenic and Carlin-style sediment-hosted deposits. − Econ. Geol., 104: 635–668
LEFEBURE, D.V. & ALLDRICK, D.J. (1996): Sediment-hosted Cu+/-Ag+/-Co. In: LEFEBURE, D.V. & HÕY T. (Eds): Selected British Columbia Mineral Deposit Profiles, Vol. 2 - Metallic Deposits. − British Columbia Ministry of Employment and Investment, Open File 1996-13: 13-16
LEVINSON, A. A. (1974): Introduction to exploration geochemistry. Calgary, Canada, Applied Publishing Ltd., 612 p.
MEZŐSI, J. & GRASSELLY, GY. (1949): A bajpataki (Mátra hgs.) termésréz előfordulás (The occurrence of native copper in the Mátra Mountains at Bajpatak). − Acta Mineral., Petrogr., III: 44-47 (bilingual paper)
MITCHELL, R. M. (1968): A semi-quantitative study of trace elements in pyrite by spark source mass spectrography. − Norsk. Geol. Tidsskr., 48: 65-80
MOLNÁR, F. (2007): The Cu-Au-Ag-Zn-Pb ore complex at Recsk: a uniquely preserved and explored porphyry-skarn-epithermal system. – Proceedings of the 9th Biannual SGA Meeting, Dublin, Ireland, 1: 226-240
MOLNÁR, ZS. & KISS, G. (2013): Study of the epigenetic copper occurrence of the Darnó Hill and its correlation with some Dinaridic and Hellenidic occurrences. Geoscience Meeting and Exhibition, Abstract book, ISBN: 978-693-8221-50-6
OHFUJI, H. & RICKARD, D. (2005): Experimental synthesis of framboids—a review. − Earth. Sci. Rev., 71: 147–170
ORAVECZ, J. (1978): Az Rm-131-es sz. fúrás alaphegységi rétegsorának vizsgálata (Stratigraphical study of the Rm-131 drilling). − Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Geology, manuscript
PALINKAŠ, L. A., BOROJEVIĆ ŠOŠTARIĆ, S. & STRMIĆ PALINKAŠ, S. (2008): Metallogeny of the Northwestern and Central Dinarides and Southern Tisia. − Ore Geol. Rev., 34: 501-520
RAISWELL, R. & PLANT, J. (1980): The incorporation of trace elements into pyrite during diagenesis of black shales, Yorkshire, England. − Econ. Geol., 75: 684–699
REICH, M., KESLER, S.E., UTSUNOMIYA, S., PALENIK, C. S., CHRYSSOULIS, S. L. & EWING, R. (2005): Solubility of gold in arsenian pyrite. − Geochem et Cosmochim Acta, 69: 2781–2796
SCHMID, M. S., BERNOULLI, D., FÜGENSCHUH, B., MATENCO, L., SCHEFER, S., SCHUSTER, R., TISCHLER, M. & USTASZEWSKI, K. (2008): The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units. − Swiss J Geosci, 101/1: 139-183
SCHROETER, T. & POULSEN, H. (1996): Carbonate-hosted Disseminated Au-Ag. In: LEFEBURE D.V. & HÕY T. (Eds): Selected British Columbia Mineral Deposit Profiles, Vol. 2 - Metallic Deposits. − British Columbia Ministry of Employment and Investment, Open File 1996-13: 9-12
SCOTT, R. J., MEFFRE, S., WOODHEAD, J., GILBERT, S. E., BERRY, R. F. & EMSBO, P. (2009): Development of Framboidal Pyrite During Diagenesis, Low-Grade Regional Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Alteration. − Econ. Geol., 104: 1143-1168
VAUGHAN, D. J., SWEENEY, M., FRIEDRICH, G., DIEDEL, R. & HARANCZYK, C. (1989): The Kupferschiefer: An Overview with an Appraisal of the Different Types of Mineralization. − Econ Geol, 84: 1003-1027