Plate tectonic aspects of the Triassic carbonate-hosted stratiform-stratabound base-metal deposits in the Western Balkan, NW Bulgaria
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Published:
Dec 17, 2015
Keywords:
siderite-base metal deposits, Kremikovtsi-Vratsa ore district, Triassic metallogeny, Moesian carbonate platform
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Abstract
The Triassic carbonate-hosted stratiform-stratabound base-metal deposits in the Western Balkan, NW Bulgaria, have well defined regional geological and tectonic settings, style ofmineralisation, mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic data. Their genesis, however, remains controversial in the framework of plate tectonic models, and is not supported by comparative analysis of possible counterpart candidates within the NW Tethyan domain. Besides, the crucial missing information is the geochronology of ore mineralisation relative to the Triassic carbonate host rocks. The article stresses the ambiguities due to the lack ofmineralisation age dating, and emphasises the necessity for building a convincing plate tectonic model based on the relevant geodynamic setting. A prospective direction of researchis the critical comparison with equivalent sediment-hosted base-metal deposits within the continental margin environments such as those in the Alps and Dinarides as well as others in the Alpine-Himalayan orogen and worldwide.
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References
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ATANASOV, V. (1973): On the structure and natural boundaries of the Sedmochislenitsi copper-lead-zinc deposit, Western Stara Planina Mt. – Annual Higher Inst. Min. Geol., Sofia, 19/2, 1-17 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
ATANASOV, V. & KIROV, G. (1973) Balkanite, Cu9Ag5HgS8, a new mineral from the Sedmochislenitsi mine, Bulgaria. – Am. Mineralogist, 58, 11-15.
BAKARDZIEV, S. & POPOV, P. (1995): Geological-structural features of the deposit. In: The Kremikovtsi barite-iron deposit and the Jurassic system in the region, Guidebook, Mining and Geol. Univ., Sofia, 2-4; 10-15 (in Bulgarian).
BANKS, D., SCHNIDER, J., KUCHA, H. & KEPPENS, E. (2003): Carbonate-Hosted Zn-Pb Deposits in Upper Silesia, Poland: Origin and Evolution of Mineralizing Fluids and Constraints on Genetic Models.- Econ. Geol., 98/5, 911-932.
BONCHEV, E. (1940): Alpine tectonic manifestations in Bulgaria. - Rev. Bulgarian Geol. Soc., 12/3, 155-227 (in Bulgarian).
CHEMBERSKI, H. & VAPCAROVA, A. (1979) The Triassic system in North Bulgaria. I. Stratigraphic principles. – Geologica Balcanica, 9/1, 67-108 (in Russian, abstract in English).
CHERNEV, E. (1993): Formation conditions of the Alpine base-metal ore fields in the Vratsa Ore Unit., Ph.D. Thesis, Sofia (in Bulgarian).
CHRISTENSEN, J., HALLIDAY, A., VEARNCOMBE, J. & KESLER, S. (1995): Testing models of large-scale fluid flow using direct dating of sulfides; Rb-Sr evidence for early dewatering and formation of Mississippi valley-type deposits, Canning basin, Australia. - Econ. Geol., 90/4, 877-884.
CORTESOGNO, L., GAGGERO, L. & YANEV, S. (2007): Anorogenic volcanism in the Triassic sequences at the boundary of the Moesian plate. - Geodin. Acta, 17/1, 55-69.
DABOVSKI, C. & ZAGORCHEV, I. (2009): Alpine tectonic division of Bulgaria. In: ZAGORCHEV, I., DABOVSKI, C., NIKOLOV, T. (Eds): Geology of Bulgaria, Vol. II., Part 5. Mesozoic Geology, Sofia, Prof. Marin Drinov Publ. House, 30-37 (in Bulgarian).
DAMYANOV, Z. (1993): Mineralogical features and genesis of the siderite-bearing ores from the Kremikovtsi deposit.- Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, Sofia.
DAMYANOV, Z. (1995): Triassic metallogenesis in the West Balkan. - Compt. Rend. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 48/11-12, 75-78.
DAMYANOV, Z. (1996): Genesis of the Kremikovtsi deposit and metallogenic perspectives of the Sredec iron ore region.- Geologica Balc., 26/4, 3-24.
DAMYANOV, Z. (1998): Ore petrology, whole-rock chemistry and zoning of the Kremikovtsi carbonate-hosted sedimentary exhalative iron(+Mn)-barite-sulfide deposit, Western Balkan, Bulgaria. - N. Jb. Miner. Abh., 174, 1, 1-42.
DIMITROV, R., BOGDANOV, K., BRESKOVSKA, V., MANKOV, S., AREVADZE, D. & JAROSHEVICH, V. (1986): Isotopic Composition of Sulfur from Lead-Zinc and Copper Ore Deposits in Bulgaria. - Ore-form. Processes and Mineral Dep., 25, 3-21 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
HAYDOUTOV, I. & YANEV, S. (1997): The Protomoesian microcontinent of the Balkan Peninsula – a peri-Gondwanaland piece. - Tectonophysics, 272, 303-313.
HNATYSHIN, D., WILKINSON, J. & GLEESON, S. (2015): Re-Os dating of pyrite confirms on early diagenetic onset and extended duration of mineralization in the Irish Zn-Pb ore field. - Geology, 43/2, 143-146.
JIANG, S., SLACK, J. & PALMER, M. (2000): Sm-Nd dating of the giant Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Colombia. - Geology, 28/8, 751-754.
KALAYDZIEV, S. (1977): New data on the structural and lithological factors influenced the location of base-metal mineralisations in the Izdremets deposit, Western Stara Planina. - Ore-form. Processes and Mineral Dep., 6, 3-16 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
KALAYDZIEV, S. (1982): New data on the structural peculiarities of the Kremikovtsi Ore Field.- Rev. Bulgarian Geol. Soc., 43/2, 159-171 (in Bulgarian).
KALAYDZIEV, S. & POPOVA, P. (1981): Structural features of the stratiform Plakalnitsa deposit, Western Stara Planina. - Rev. Bulgarian Geol. Soc., 42,/1, 17-29 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
KALAYDZIEV, S., LILOV, C., VALCHEV, V. & TOSHKOV, A. (1982): New Data on the Morphological Peculiarities of Ore Bodies in the Sedmochislenitsi Polymetallic Deposit. - Ore-form. Processes and Mineral Dep., 17, 34-49 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
KANOURKOV, G. (1988): The iron deposits in Bulgaria. Technika, Sofia, pp. 282 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
MINCHEVA-STEFANOVA, Y. (1988): Sediment-hosted polymetallic deposits in the Western Stara Planina Mt. In: DIMITROV, R. (ed.): The lead-zinc deposits in Bulgaria, Technika, Sofia, 175-192 (in Bulgarian).
OHMOTO, H. & RYE, O. (1979): Isotopes of Sulfur and Carbon. In: BARNES, H. (ed.): Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, Wiley, New York, 509-567.
PALINKAŠ, L., DAMYANOV, Z., BOROJEVIĆ, S., STRIMIC, S. & MARINOVA, I. (2014): Divergent rifting separation of Adriatic-Dinaric and Moesian carbonate platforms witnessed by Triassic MVT and SEDEX deposits, Metallogenic approach. - Proc. XX CBGA Congress, Tirana, 24-26 Sept. 2014, 2, 428-431.
PETROV, P., ATANASOVA, S., NESHEVA, L. & KUNOV, A. (2011): Preserved mineral diversity of stratabound deposits, Western Stara Planina Mt., Bulgaria. - Proc. VIth Intern. Symp. “Mineral Diversity. Research and Preservation”, 7-10 Oct. 2011, Sofia, 223-232.
POPOV, P. (1985): Geological-tectonic and structural conditions of the formation of stratiform deposits in the Western Balkan Metallogenic Zone. - Geol. Ore Dep., 27/6, 26-34 (in Russian).
POPOV, P. (1989): Tectonic setting and structure of the Upper Cretaceous mineralisations in the Banat-Srednogorie and the West Balkan metallogenic zones (Bulgaria). D.Sc. Thesis, Sofia (in Bulgarian).
POPOV, P., CHERNEV, E. & ANTONOV, M. (1989): On the structure of Plakalnitsa Ore Field. - Annual Higher Inst. Min. Geol., Sofia, 25/2, 43-60 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
RAJABI, A., RASTAD, E. & CANET, C. (2013): Metallogeny of Permian-Triassic carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb and F deposits of Iran. A review for future mineral exploration. - Australian J. Earth Sci., 60/2, 197-216.
RATIEV, L. (1977): On the pipe-like depositions of lead in the Kremikovtsi iron deposit. - In: Problems of Ore Formation, BAS Publ. House, Sofia, 541-546 (in Bulgarian).
VAPTSAROVA, A., CHEMBERSKI, H. & NIKOLOVA, L. (1979): Le Trias dans la Bulgarie du Nord. IV. Les sediments carbonates de la Formation de Dojrenci dans la partie central de la Bulgarie du Nord. - Geologica Balc., 13/2, 75-88.
YOVCHEV, Y. (1961) Mineral resources of Bulgaria. Base metals. Sofia, Tehnika, pp. 132.
ZAGORCHEV, I. & BUDUROV, K. (2009) Triassic Geology. In: ZAGORCHEV, I., DABOVSKI, C., NIKOLOV, T. (Eds): Geology of Bulgaria, Vol. II., Part 5. Mesozoic Geology, Sofia, Prof. Marin Drinov Publ. House, 40-102 (in Bulgarian).
ZAGORCHEV, I. & DABOVSKI, C. (2009) Mesozoic Evolution. In: ZAGORCHEV, I., DABOVSKI, C., NIKOLOV, T. (Eds): Geology of Bulgaria, Vol. II., Part 5. Mesozoic Geology, Sofia, Prof. Marin Drinov Publ. House, 21-29 (in Bulgarian).
ATANASOV, V. (1972) Mineralogy of the copper-lead-zinc stratiform Sedmochislenitsi deposit, Bulgaria. – PhD thesis, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, pp. 398 (in Russian).
ATANASOV, V. (1973): On the structure and natural boundaries of the Sedmochislenitsi copper-lead-zinc deposit, Western Stara Planina Mt. – Annual Higher Inst. Min. Geol., Sofia, 19/2, 1-17 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
ATANASOV, V. & KIROV, G. (1973) Balkanite, Cu9Ag5HgS8, a new mineral from the Sedmochislenitsi mine, Bulgaria. – Am. Mineralogist, 58, 11-15.
BAKARDZIEV, S. & POPOV, P. (1995): Geological-structural features of the deposit. In: The Kremikovtsi barite-iron deposit and the Jurassic system in the region, Guidebook, Mining and Geol. Univ., Sofia, 2-4; 10-15 (in Bulgarian).
BANKS, D., SCHNIDER, J., KUCHA, H. & KEPPENS, E. (2003): Carbonate-Hosted Zn-Pb Deposits in Upper Silesia, Poland: Origin and Evolution of Mineralizing Fluids and Constraints on Genetic Models.- Econ. Geol., 98/5, 911-932.
BONCHEV, E. (1940): Alpine tectonic manifestations in Bulgaria. - Rev. Bulgarian Geol. Soc., 12/3, 155-227 (in Bulgarian).
CHEMBERSKI, H. & VAPCAROVA, A. (1979) The Triassic system in North Bulgaria. I. Stratigraphic principles. – Geologica Balcanica, 9/1, 67-108 (in Russian, abstract in English).
CHERNEV, E. (1993): Formation conditions of the Alpine base-metal ore fields in the Vratsa Ore Unit., Ph.D. Thesis, Sofia (in Bulgarian).
CHRISTENSEN, J., HALLIDAY, A., VEARNCOMBE, J. & KESLER, S. (1995): Testing models of large-scale fluid flow using direct dating of sulfides; Rb-Sr evidence for early dewatering and formation of Mississippi valley-type deposits, Canning basin, Australia. - Econ. Geol., 90/4, 877-884.
CORTESOGNO, L., GAGGERO, L. & YANEV, S. (2007): Anorogenic volcanism in the Triassic sequences at the boundary of the Moesian plate. - Geodin. Acta, 17/1, 55-69.
DABOVSKI, C. & ZAGORCHEV, I. (2009): Alpine tectonic division of Bulgaria. In: ZAGORCHEV, I., DABOVSKI, C., NIKOLOV, T. (Eds): Geology of Bulgaria, Vol. II., Part 5. Mesozoic Geology, Sofia, Prof. Marin Drinov Publ. House, 30-37 (in Bulgarian).
DAMYANOV, Z. (1993): Mineralogical features and genesis of the siderite-bearing ores from the Kremikovtsi deposit.- Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, Sofia.
DAMYANOV, Z. (1995): Triassic metallogenesis in the West Balkan. - Compt. Rend. Acad. Bulg. Sci., 48/11-12, 75-78.
DAMYANOV, Z. (1996): Genesis of the Kremikovtsi deposit and metallogenic perspectives of the Sredec iron ore region.- Geologica Balc., 26/4, 3-24.
DAMYANOV, Z. (1998): Ore petrology, whole-rock chemistry and zoning of the Kremikovtsi carbonate-hosted sedimentary exhalative iron(+Mn)-barite-sulfide deposit, Western Balkan, Bulgaria. - N. Jb. Miner. Abh., 174, 1, 1-42.
DIMITROV, R., BOGDANOV, K., BRESKOVSKA, V., MANKOV, S., AREVADZE, D. & JAROSHEVICH, V. (1986): Isotopic Composition of Sulfur from Lead-Zinc and Copper Ore Deposits in Bulgaria. - Ore-form. Processes and Mineral Dep., 25, 3-21 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
HAYDOUTOV, I. & YANEV, S. (1997): The Protomoesian microcontinent of the Balkan Peninsula – a peri-Gondwanaland piece. - Tectonophysics, 272, 303-313.
HNATYSHIN, D., WILKINSON, J. & GLEESON, S. (2015): Re-Os dating of pyrite confirms on early diagenetic onset and extended duration of mineralization in the Irish Zn-Pb ore field. - Geology, 43/2, 143-146.
JIANG, S., SLACK, J. & PALMER, M. (2000): Sm-Nd dating of the giant Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Colombia. - Geology, 28/8, 751-754.
KALAYDZIEV, S. (1977): New data on the structural and lithological factors influenced the location of base-metal mineralisations in the Izdremets deposit, Western Stara Planina. - Ore-form. Processes and Mineral Dep., 6, 3-16 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
KALAYDZIEV, S. (1982): New data on the structural peculiarities of the Kremikovtsi Ore Field.- Rev. Bulgarian Geol. Soc., 43/2, 159-171 (in Bulgarian).
KALAYDZIEV, S. & POPOVA, P. (1981): Structural features of the stratiform Plakalnitsa deposit, Western Stara Planina. - Rev. Bulgarian Geol. Soc., 42,/1, 17-29 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
KALAYDZIEV, S., LILOV, C., VALCHEV, V. & TOSHKOV, A. (1982): New Data on the Morphological Peculiarities of Ore Bodies in the Sedmochislenitsi Polymetallic Deposit. - Ore-form. Processes and Mineral Dep., 17, 34-49 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
KANOURKOV, G. (1988): The iron deposits in Bulgaria. Technika, Sofia, pp. 282 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
MINCHEVA-STEFANOVA, Y. (1988): Sediment-hosted polymetallic deposits in the Western Stara Planina Mt. In: DIMITROV, R. (ed.): The lead-zinc deposits in Bulgaria, Technika, Sofia, 175-192 (in Bulgarian).
OHMOTO, H. & RYE, O. (1979): Isotopes of Sulfur and Carbon. In: BARNES, H. (ed.): Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, Wiley, New York, 509-567.
PALINKAŠ, L., DAMYANOV, Z., BOROJEVIĆ, S., STRIMIC, S. & MARINOVA, I. (2014): Divergent rifting separation of Adriatic-Dinaric and Moesian carbonate platforms witnessed by Triassic MVT and SEDEX deposits, Metallogenic approach. - Proc. XX CBGA Congress, Tirana, 24-26 Sept. 2014, 2, 428-431.
PETROV, P., ATANASOVA, S., NESHEVA, L. & KUNOV, A. (2011): Preserved mineral diversity of stratabound deposits, Western Stara Planina Mt., Bulgaria. - Proc. VIth Intern. Symp. “Mineral Diversity. Research and Preservation”, 7-10 Oct. 2011, Sofia, 223-232.
POPOV, P. (1985): Geological-tectonic and structural conditions of the formation of stratiform deposits in the Western Balkan Metallogenic Zone. - Geol. Ore Dep., 27/6, 26-34 (in Russian).
POPOV, P. (1989): Tectonic setting and structure of the Upper Cretaceous mineralisations in the Banat-Srednogorie and the West Balkan metallogenic zones (Bulgaria). D.Sc. Thesis, Sofia (in Bulgarian).
POPOV, P., CHERNEV, E. & ANTONOV, M. (1989): On the structure of Plakalnitsa Ore Field. - Annual Higher Inst. Min. Geol., Sofia, 25/2, 43-60 (in Bulgarian, with English summary).
RAJABI, A., RASTAD, E. & CANET, C. (2013): Metallogeny of Permian-Triassic carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb and F deposits of Iran. A review for future mineral exploration. - Australian J. Earth Sci., 60/2, 197-216.
RATIEV, L. (1977): On the pipe-like depositions of lead in the Kremikovtsi iron deposit. - In: Problems of Ore Formation, BAS Publ. House, Sofia, 541-546 (in Bulgarian).
VAPTSAROVA, A., CHEMBERSKI, H. & NIKOLOVA, L. (1979): Le Trias dans la Bulgarie du Nord. IV. Les sediments carbonates de la Formation de Dojrenci dans la partie central de la Bulgarie du Nord. - Geologica Balc., 13/2, 75-88.
YOVCHEV, Y. (1961) Mineral resources of Bulgaria. Base metals. Sofia, Tehnika, pp. 132.
ZAGORCHEV, I. & BUDUROV, K. (2009) Triassic Geology. In: ZAGORCHEV, I., DABOVSKI, C., NIKOLOV, T. (Eds): Geology of Bulgaria, Vol. II., Part 5. Mesozoic Geology, Sofia, Prof. Marin Drinov Publ. House, 40-102 (in Bulgarian).
ZAGORCHEV, I. & DABOVSKI, C. (2009) Mesozoic Evolution. In: ZAGORCHEV, I., DABOVSKI, C., NIKOLOV, T. (Eds): Geology of Bulgaria, Vol. II., Part 5. Mesozoic Geology, Sofia, Prof. Marin Drinov Publ. House, 21-29 (in Bulgarian).