Factor analysis applied to distinguish influences of parent material, mining industry and agriculture on the groundwater in the Strumica valley, Macedonia
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Published:
Jun 29, 2016
Keywords:
groundwater, chemistry, factor analyses, Strumica, Macedonia
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Abstract
Determination of the groundwater chemistry in Strumica valley was essential since the widespread use of it in the irrigation of agricultural production. For this purpose were collected 224 water samples from boreholes. The groundwater chemical composition was determinated on the selected analytes: As, Sr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ba, Pb, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, Li, Cr, Fe, U, CaCO3, Cl-, NO3-, NH4+, SO42- and PO43-. The source and internal correlations of the analytes were set out by performing multivariate statistical analyses (factor analyses). Factor analyses yielded 7 factors and the geochemical maps of the obtained factors were generated using kriging method. The groundwater chemistry was predominantly controlled by geologic background and some anthropogenic influence due to agriculture and mining to the concentrations and spatial distribution of arsenic, phosphates, sulphates, nitrates and some metals (copper, iron, chromium, lead, nickel, zinc). Mining of copper/gold (molybdenum) in area of Ilovica increased concentration of analytes Al, Cu, Pb, Cr, NO3-, Ni, Zn, Na, K, Li and PO43- in groundwater but only at a local level.
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References
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EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Method 305.1 (1974a): Acidity by Titration.- Approved for NPDES. Editorial revision 1974.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Method 350.2 (1974b): Nitrogen, Ammonia (Colorimetric, titrimetric, potentiometric distillation procedure).- Approved for NPDES. Editorial revision 1974.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Method 375.4 (1978): Sulfate (Turbidimetric).- Approved for NPDES. Editorial revision 1978.
ILIĆ POPOV, S., STAFILOV, T., ŠAJN, R., TĂNĂSELIA, C. & BAČEVA, K. (2014): Applying of Factor Analyses for Determination of Trace Elements Distribution in Water from River Vardar and Its Tributaries, Macedonia/Greece.- Hindawi Publishing Corporation, The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 11 p. doi:10.1155/2014/809253
IVKOVIĆ, A., ŠARIN, A. & KOMATINA, M. (1983): Tumač za hidrogeološku kartu SFR Jugoslavije 1:500000 [Eplanation for hydrogeological map of SFR Yugoslavia, 1:500000 – in Croatian].- Savezni geološki zavod, Beograd.
JOHNSTON, D. (2007): EPA Guidelines: Regulatory monitoring and testing Groundwater sampling.- Environmental Protection Agency. ISBN 978-1-921125-48-5.
JOVANOVSKI, M. (2009): Hydrogeological Survey on Groundwater in Macedonia.- GTZ Project, Skopje. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282612958_Hydrogeological_survey_of_Groundwater_in_Macedonia?enrichId=rgreq-6d809b4d-970d-4e89-928d-324c897e3ba7&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4MjYxMjk1ODtBUzoyODE2Mzg5NTgzMjE2NjlAMTQ0NDE1OTM2ODQ4Mg%3D%3D&el=1_x_2 (16.2.2016)
KABATA-PENDIAS, A. & PENDIAS, H. (2001): Trace elements in soils and plants.- 3rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 403 p.
KAISER, H.F. (1960): The application of electronic computers to factor analysis.- Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151.
MICEVSKI, E., POPOVSKI, K. & LIGOVSKI, M. (2005): Hydrogeothermal Potential of the Strumica Valley with a Special Review of the Bansko Locality.- Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005.
MIRČOVSKI, V., BOEV, B., EFREMOSKI, Z., ŠORŠA, A. & DIMOV., Đ. (2015): Hydrochemical data for the ground waters in the Bitola’s part of the Pelagonia valley, Republic of Macedonia.- Geologica Macedonica, 29, 1, 15-24.
OFFICIAL GAZETTE OF REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (1998): Law on waters.- Skopje, No. 4/98.
OFFICIAL GAZETTE OF REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (1999): Regulation for Classification of Water.- Skopje, No. 18/99.
POPOVSKA, C. & GESHOVSKA, V. (2014): Water Balance Model for Vulnerability Assessment of Water Resources in Strumica River Basin.- Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering, 3: 127. doi:10.4172/2168-9768.1000127.
RAKIKEVIK, T., PENDŽEROVSKI, J. & KOVAČEVIK, M. (1978): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100000, list Strumica K34-94 [Basic geological map of SFRY 1:100000, Strumica sheet – in Macedonian].- Geološki zavod, Skopje (1969-1972), Savezni geološki zavod, Beograd.
RAKIKEVIK, T., KOVAČEVIK, M., RADOVIK, N. & PENDŽEROVSKI, J. (1980): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100000. Tumač za list Strumica K34-94 [Basic geological map of SFRY 1:100000, Geology of the Strumica sheet – in Macedonian].- Geološki zavod, Skopje, Savezni geološki zavod, Beograd, 69 p.
REIMANN, C. & FILZMOSER, P. (2000): Normal and lognormal data distribution in geochemistry: death of a myth. Consequences for the statistical treatment of geochemical and environmental data.- Environmental Geology, 39, 1001-1014.
REIMANN, C., FILZMOSER, P., GARRETT, R.G. & DUTTER, R. (2008): Statistical Data Analysis Explained.- John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 362 p.
ROLLINSON, H. (1993): Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation.- Longman Group UK Limited, England, 352 p.
SALMINEN, R., BATISTA, M.J., BIDOVEC, M., DEMETRIADES, A., DE VIVO, B., DE VOS, W., DURIS, M., GILUCIS, A., GREGORAUSKIENE, V., HALAMIĆ, J., HEITZMANN, P., JORDAN, G., KLAVER, G., KLEIN, P., LIS, J., LOCUTURA, J., MARSINA, K., MAZREKU, A., O’CONNOR, P.J., OLSSON, S.Å., OTTESEN, R.-T., PETERSELL, V., PLANT, J.A., REEDER, S., SALPETEUR, I., SANDSTRÖM, H., SIEWERS, U., STEENFELT, A. & TARVAINEN, T. (2005): Geochemical Atlas of Europe, Part 1, Background Information, Methodology and Maps.- Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, 526 p.
ŠIJAKOVA-IVANOVA, T. & AMBARKOVA, V. (2015): Geochemical assessment of some natural waters from eastern and south-eastern Macedonia.- Geologia Macedonica, 29, 1, 5-14.
http://www.maksoil.ukim.mk/masis/ (22.2.2016)
http://discomap.eea.europa.eu/map/EEABasicviewer/?webmap=b5cbf63906584ef2ac5d29d627faf923 (22.2.2016)