The calcareous nannofossil record of the uppermost Maastrichtian-lower Palaeocene in the Kırıkkale Basin, in the Central Anatolian Region (Turkey)
Article Sidebar
Published:
Oct 20, 2022
Keywords:
Calcareous nannofossils, stressful environment, tectonic activity, latest Maastrichtian, Danian, Neotethys
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Late Cretaceous–Early Paleogene (K–Pg) was a critical period of transition in geological time. This period encompassed short-term climatic fluctuations on a global scale, changes in ocean circulation, and sudden and large extinctions of marine and terrestrial organisms. In the study area, located in the mid to low latitudes, the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene were very tectonically active due to the positioning of the site close to the collision zone of two large continents. The impacts of the global K–Pg crisis can be observed in the study area. In this study, the calcareous nannofossil contents of late Maastrichtian–Danian sediments were studied, and the nannofossil biostratigraphy determined, from samples from the Samanlık and Dizilitaşlar Formations, deposited in the Kırıkkale Basin. From three stratigraphic sections, 26 nannofossil genera and 36 nannofossil species were identified from the Late Maastrichtian UC20aTP and UC20bTP biozones and the NP1 and NP2 biozones of the Danian. Additionally, it was determined that the K–Pg boundary was not continuous in the study area. In the Kırıkkale Basin, relatively low abundances of Micula decussate Vekshina, 1959 signals a diagenetic effect and stressful environment in the Late Maastrichtian, whereas the relatively low abundances of Thoracosphaera operculata Bramlette & Martini, 1964, Braarudosphaera bigelowii (Gran & Braarud, 1935) Deflandre, 1947 and Futyania petalosa (Ellis & Lohmann, 1973) Varol, 1989 in the Danian assemblages indicate unstable environmental conditions and major environmental perturbations that reflect tectonic activity in the region. No nannofossils were encountered in those samples taken from turbiditic levels, which contained high proportions of sand.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
Issue
Section
Original Scientific Papers
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors have copyright and publishing rights on all published manuscripts.
References
AGUADO, R., LAMOLDA, M.A. & MAURRASSE, F.J.M.R. (2005): Nanofossiles del limite Cretacico/Terciario en Beloc (Haiti): Bioestratigrafia, composicion de las asociaciones e implicaciones paleoclimaticas.– Journal of Iberian Geology, 31, 9–24.
AGUADO, R., REOLID, M. & MOLINA, E. (2016): Response of calcareous nannoplankton to the Late Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 at Oued Bahloul (central Tunisia).– Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 459, 289–305. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.07.016
AKORALER, H. (2018): Malıboğazı-Tilkikoy (Kalecik, Ankara) ve Irmak (Kırıkkale) Çevrelerindeki Ust Kretase Çökellerinin Bentik Foraminiferleri (in Turkish).– Master’s thesis, Ankara University, 155 p.
AKYUREK, B., BILGINER, E., AKBAŞ, B., HEPSEN, N., PEHLIVAN, S., SUNU, O., SOYSAL, Y., DEGER, Z., CATAL, E., SOZERI, B. & YILDIRIM, H. (1982): Ankara-Elmadağ-Kalecik Dolayının Jeolojisi (in Turkish).– MTA Report No. 7298 (unpublished), Ankara.
AKYUREK, B., BİLGİNER, E., AKBAŞ, B., HEPŞEN, N., PEHLİVAN, Ş., SUNU, O., SOYSAL, Y., DEĞER, Z., ÇATAL, E., SOZERİ, B., YILDIRIM, H. & HAKYEMEZ, Y. (1984): Ankara-Elmadağ-Kalecik Dolayının Temel Jeoloji Ozellikleri (in Turkish).– Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 20, 31–46.
AKYUREK, B., DURU, M., SUTÇU, Y. F., PAPAK, İ., ŞAROĞLU, F., PEHLİVAN, N., GONENÇ, O., GRANİT, S. & YAŞAR, T. (1997): 1/100,000 Olçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi, Ankara F-15 paftası (in Turkish).– MTA publications, Ankara.
ARKHANGELSKY, A.D. (1912): Upper Cretaceous deposits of east European Russia.– Materialien zur Geologie Russlands, 25, 1–631.
AUBRY, M.P. & SALEM, R. (2013): The Dababiya Quarry core: Coccolith biostratigraphy.– Stratigraphy, 9, 241–259.
BARTOL, M., PAVSIC, J., DOBNIKAR, M. & BERNASCONI, S. M. (2008): Unusual Braarudosphaera bigelowii and Micrantholithus vesper enrichment in the Early Miocene sediments from the Slovenian Corridor, a seaway linking the Central Paratethys and the Mediterranean.– Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 267, 77–88. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.06.005
BERGGREN, W.A. & NORRIS, R.D. (1997): Biostratigraphy, phylogeny and systematics of Paleocene tropical planktic foraminifera.– Micropaleontology, 43, 1–116.
BERNAOLA, G. & MONECHI, S. (2007): Calcareous nannofossil extinction and survivorship across the Cretaceous−Paleogene boundary at Walvis Ridge (ODP Hole 1262C, South Atlantic Ocean).– Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 255, 132–156. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.045
BİRGİLİ, Ş., YOLDAŞ, R. & UNALAN, G. (1975): Çankırı-Çorum Havzasının Jeolojisi ve Petrol Olanakları (in Turkish).– MTA Report No. 5621 (unpublished), Ankara.
BOWN, P.R. (2005): Selective calcareous nannoplankton survivorship at the Cretaceous– Tertiary boundary.– Geology, 33, 653–656. doi: 10.1130/G21566AR.1
BOWN, P.R. & YOUNG, J.R. (1997): Mesozoic calcareous nannoplankton classification.– Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 19, 1, 21–36.
BOWN, P.R. & YOUNG, J.R. (1998): Techniques.– In: BOWN, P.R. (ed.): Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. Kluwer Academic Publisher, The Netherlands, 16–28. doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-4902-0_2
BRAMLETTE, M.N. & MARTINI, E. (1964): The great change in calcareous nannoplankton fossils between the Maestrichtian and Danian.– Micropaleontology, 10, 3, 291–322. doi: 10.2307/1484577
BUKRY, D. (1973): Phytoplankton stratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 20, Western Pacific Ocean.– Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 20, 307–317.
BURNETT, J.A. (1998): Upper Cretaceous. -In: BOWN, P.R. (ed.): Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. Kluwer Academic Publisher, London, 132–165. doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-4902-0_6
COCCIONI, R., FRONTALINI, F., BANCALÀ, G., FORNACIARI, E., JOVANE, L. & SPROVIERI, M. (2010): The Dan-C2 hyperthermal event at Gubbio (Italy): Global implications, environmental effects, and cause(s).– Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 297, 1–2, 298–305. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.06.031
DEFLANDRE, G. (1947): Braarudoshphaera nov. gen., type d’une famille nouvelle de coccolithophoridés actuels à éléments composites.– Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 225, 439–441.
DEFLANDRE, G. (1959): Sur des nannofossiles calcaires et leur systématique.– Revue de Micropaléontologie, 2, 127–152.
DEFLANDRE, G. (1963): Sur des Microrhabdulidés, famille nouvelle de nannofossiles calcaires.– Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, 256, 16, 3484–3486.
DONMEZ, M., AKÇAY, A.B., KARA, H., YERGOK, A.F. & ESENTURK, K. (2008): 1/100,000 Olçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeolojisi Haritaları Serisi, Kırşehir İ-30 Paftası (in Turkish).– MTA publications, Ankara.
ERKAN, Y. (1975): Orta Anadolu masifi güneybatısında (Kırşehir bölgesinde) etkili rejyonal metamorfizmanın petrolojik incelenmesi (in Turkish).– Unpubl. PhD thesis, Hacettepe University. 147 pp.
FUQUA, L.M., BRALOWER, T.J., ARTHUR, M.A. & PATZKOWSKY, M.E. (2008): Evolution of calcareous nannoplankton and the recovery of marine food webs after the Cretaceous–Paleocene mass extinction.– Palaios, 23, 4, 185–194. doi: 10.2110/palo.2007.p07-004r
GARTNER, S. (1968): Coccoliths and related calcareous nannofossils from Upper Cretaceous deposits of Texas and Arkansas. – University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 48, 1, 1–56.
GILLEAUDEAU, G.J., VOEGELIN, A.R., THIBAULT, N., MOREAU, J., ULLMANN, C.V., KLAEBE, R.M., KORTE, C. & FREI, R. (2018): Stable isotope records across the Cretaceous–Paleogene transition, Stevns Klint, Denmark: New insights from the chromium isotope system.– Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 235, 305–332. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2018.04.028
GOKÇEN, N. (1977): Irmak-Hacıbalı-Mahmutlar-Ankara, Yahşıyan Üst Kretase-Paleojen istifinin biyostratigrafik incelemesi (in Turkish).– Yerbilimleri, 2, 2, 129–144.
GONCUOĞLU, M.C. (1981): Niğde Masifinde viridinli gnaysın kökeni (in Turkish).– Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 24, 45–50.
GORMUŞ, M. & AKORALER, H. (2019): Benthic foraminifera of the Maastrichtian sediments from the Malıboğazı (Kalecik, Ankara) and Irmak (Kırıkkale) areas in Türkiye. World Multidisciplinary Earth Sciences Symposium (WMESS 2019), IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Prague, 362, 1–10.
GORUR, N., TUYSUZ, O. & ŞENGOR, A.M.C. (1998): Tectonic evolution of the central Anatolian basins.– International Geology Review, 40, 831–850.
GRAN, H. H. & BRAARUD, T. (1935): A quantitative study of the phytoplankton in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine (including observations on hydrography, chemistry, and turbidity).– Journal of the Biological Board of Canada, 1, 279–467.
GRÜN, W. & ALLEMANN, F. (1975): The lower Cretaceous of Caravaca (Spain): Berriasian calcareous nannoplankton of the Miravetes section (Subbetic Zone, Prov. of Murcia).– Eclogae Geologica Helvetica, 68, 1, 147–211.
GUERRA, R.M., CONCHEYRO, A., KOCHHAN, K.G.D., BOM, M.H.H., CEOLIN, D., MUSSO, T., SAVIAN, J.F. & FAUTH, G. (2021): Calcareous microfossils and paleoenvironmental changes across the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary at the Cerro Azul section, Neuquén Basin, Argentina.– Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 567, 1, 110217. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110217
HATTNER, J.G. & WISE, S.W. (1980): Upper Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of South Carolina.– South Carolina Geology, 24, 41–117.
HAY, W. W. & MOHLER, H. P. (1967): Calcareous nannoplankton from early Tertiary rocks at Pont Labau, France, and Paleocene–Eocene correlations.– Journal of Paleontology, 41, 1505–1541.
HILL, M.E. (1975): Selective dissolution of mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) calcareous nannofossils.– Micropaleontology, 21, 2, 227–235. doi: 10.2307/1485025
HUBER, B.T., MACLEOD, K.G. & NORRIS, R.D. (2002): Abrupt extinction and subsequent reworking of Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera across the Cretaceous– Tertiary boundary: Evidence from the subtropical North Atlantic.– Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 356, 277–289. doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2356-6.277
JONES, H.L., LOWERY, C.M. & BRALOWER T.J. (2019): Delayed calcareous nannoplankton boom–bust successions in the earliest Paleocene Chicxulub (Mexico) impact crater.– Geology, 47, 753–756. doi: 10.1130/G46143.1
KASEM, A.M., WISE, S., FARIS, M., FAROUK, S. & ZAHRAN, E. (2017): Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the uppermost Maastrichtian–lower Paleocene at the Misheiti section, East Central Sinai, Egypt.– Revue de Micropaléontologie, 60, 179–192. doi: 10.1016/j.revmic.2017.05.002
KAYA OZER, C. (2014): Calcareous nannofossil assemblage changes and stable isotope data from Maastrichtian to Selandian in the Akveren Formation, western Black Sea. Turkey.– Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7, 1233–1247. doi: 10.1007/s12517-013-0856-y
KAYA OZER, C. & TEMİZ, U. (2019): Calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of Santonian to Danian in Göynük Basin, Bolu, Turkey.– Journal of African Earth Sciences, 149, 235–270. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.08.011
KELLER, G., ADATTE, T., BERNER, Z., HARTING, M., BAUM, G., PRAUSS, M., TANTAWY, A. & STUEBEN, D. (2007): Chicxulub impact predates K–T boundary: New evidence from Brazos, Texas.– Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 255, 3–4, 339–356. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.026
KETIN, I. (1961): Über die magmatischen Erscheinungen in der Turkei.– Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 7, 2, 1–16.
LEES, J.A. (2002): Calcareous nannofossil biogeography illustrates palaeoclimate change in the Late Cretaceous Indian Ocean.– Cretaceous Research, 23, 537–634. doi: 10.1006/cres.2003.1021
LEES, J.A., BOWN, P.R. & MATTIOLI, E. (2005): Problem with proxies? Cautionary tales of calcareous nannofossil paleoenvironmental indicators.– Micropaleontology, 51, 4, 333–343. doi: 10.2113/gsmicropal.51.4.333
MAHANIPOUR, A., MUTTERLOSE, J. & PARANDAVAR, M. (2022): Integrated bio and chemostratigraphy of the Cretaceous – Paleogene boundary interval in the Zagros Basin (Iran, central Tethys).– Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 587, 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110785
MAHANIPOUR, A., PARANDAVAR, M. & YOUSSEF, M. (2021): Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the Late Cretaceous‒early Paleocene interval in the Zagros Basin (southeastern Tethys), Iran. – Alcheringa, 45, 1, 95–108. doi: 10.1080/03115518.2021.1872702
MARTINI, E. (1971): Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation.– In: Proceedings of the 2nd Planktonic Conference, Roma, 739–785.
MOLINA, E., ALEGRET, L., ARENILLAS, I., ARZ, J.A., GALLALA, N., HARDENBOL, J., VON SALIS, K., STEURBAUT, E., VANDENBERGHE, N. & ZAGHBIB-TURKI, D. (2006): The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Danian Stage (Paleocene, Paleogene, “Tertiary”, Cenozoic) at El Kef Tunisia–Original definition and revision.– Episodes, 29, 263–373. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i4/004
MOLINA, E., ARENILLAS, J. & ARZ, J.A. (1998): Mass extinction in planktic foraminifera at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in subtropical and temperate latitudes.– Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 169, 351–363.
MUTTERLOSE, J. (1996): Calcareous nannofossil palaeoceanography of the Early Cretaceous of the NW Europe.– Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Staatsinstitut in Hamburg, 77, 291–313.
NORMAN, T. (1972a): Ankara Yahşihan bölgesinde Üst Kretase–Alt Tersiyer İstifinin Stratigrafisi (in Turkish). -MTA Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Kurulu Projesi, 180–276.
NORMAN, T. (1972b): Ankara Yahşihan Bölgesinde Ust Kretase–Tersiyer Yerkabuğu Hareketleri (in Turkish).– Kuzey Anadolu Fay Sempozyumu Tebliğleri, Ankara, 97–108.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1968): Der Feinbau und die Klassifikation der Coccolithen aus dem Maastrichtien von Danemark.– Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Biologiske Skrifter, 16, 1, 1–96.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1971): Neue Coccolithen aus dem Paläozän von Dänemark, der Bucht von Biskaya und dem Eozän der Labrador See.– Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 21, 51–66.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1977): Albian to Pleistocene calcareous nannofossils from the western South Atlantic.– Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 39, 699–823.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1984): Validation of new combinations.– INA Newsletter, 6, 1, 42–46.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1985): Cenozoic calcareous nannofossils.– In: BOLLI, H.M., SAUNDERS, J.B. & PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (eds): Plankton Stratigraphy. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 422–454.
PEREZ-RODRÍGUEZ, I., LEES, J.A., LARRASOAÑA, J.C., ARZ, J.A. & ARENILLAS, I. (2012): Planktonic foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of the uppermost Campanian and Maastrichtian at Zumaia, northern Spain.– Cretaceous Research, 37, 100–126. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.011
POSPICHAL, J.J. & BRALOWER, T.J. (1992): Calcareous nannofossils across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, ODP Site 761, Northwest Australian Margin.– Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 122, 735–752.
POSPICHAL, J.J. & WISE, S.W. (1990): Calcareous nannofossils across the K/T boundary, ODP Hole 690C, Maud Rise, Weddell Sea.– Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 113, 515–532.
POSPICHAL, J.J. (1996): Calcareous nannoplankton mass extinction at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: an update.– In: RYDER, G., FASTOVSKY, D. & GARTNER, S. (eds.): The Cretaceous–Tertiary Event and other Catastrophes in Earth History, Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 307, 335–360.
REINHARDT, P. (1965): Neue Familien für fossile Kalkflagellaten (Coccolithophoriden, Coccolithineen).– Monatsberichte der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 7, 30–40.
RIGO DE RIGHI, M. & CORTESINI, A. (1959): Anatolian Basin. Turkish Gulf Oil Co., Progress Report, No. 1 (unpublished), Ankara.
ROMEIN, A.J.T. (1979): Lineages in early Paleogene calcareous nannoplankton.– Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins, 22, 1–231.
ROTH, P.H. (1978): Calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy and oceanography of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean.– Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 44, 731–760.
SARI, B., YILDIZ, A., KORKMAZ, T. & PETRIZZO, M.R. (2016): Planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils record in the upper Campanian–Maastrichtian pelagic deposits of the Malatya Basin in the Hekimhan area (NW Malatya, eastern Anatolia).– Cretaceous Research, 61, 91–107. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.012
SCHILLER, J. (1930): Coccolithineae.– In: RABENHORST, L. (ed.): Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 89–267.
SCHULTE, P., ALEGRET, L., ARENILLAS, I., ARZ, J.A., BARTON, P.J., BOWN, P.R. BRALOWER, T.J., CHRISTESON, G., CLAEYS, P., COCKELL, C.S., COLLINS, G.S., DEUTSCH, A., GOLDIN, T.J., GOTO, K., GRAJALES-NISHIMURA, J.M., GRIEVE, R.A.F, GULICK, S.P.S., JOHNSON, K.R., KIESSLING, W., KOEBERL, C., KRING, D.A., MACLEOD, K.G., MATSUI, T., MELOSH, J., MONTANARI, A., MORGAN, J.A., NEAL, C.R., NICHOLS, D.J., NORRIS, R.D., PIERAZZO, E., RAVIZZA, G., REBOLLEDO-VIEYRA, M., REIMOLD, W.U., ROBIN, E., SALGE, T., SPEIJER, R.P., SWEET, A.R., URRUTIA-FUCUGAUCHI, J., VAJDA, V., MICHAEL T., WHALEN, M.T. & WILLUMSEN, P.S. (2010): The Chicxulub asteroid impact and mass extinction at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.– Science, 327, 1214–1218. doi: 10.1126/science.1177265
ŠVABENICKA, L. (1999): Braarudosphaera-rich sediments in the Turonian of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic.– Cretaceous Research, 20, 773–782. doi: 10.1006/cres.1999.0182
ŞENGOR, A.M.C. (1985): Geology: East Asian tectonic collage.– Nature, 318, 16–17.
ŞENGOR, A.M.C. & YILMAZ, Y. (1981): Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach.– Tectonophysics, 75, 181–241.
SEYMEN, L. (1982): Kaman Dolayında Kırşehir Masifi’nin Jeolojisi (in Turkish).– Unpubl. PhD thesis, Istanbul Technical University, 164 p.
SHIPBOARD SCIENTIFIC PARTY (2004): Site 1266. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program.– Initial Reports, 208, 1–92.
SISSINGH, W. (1977): Biostratigraphy of Cretaceous calcareous nannoplankton.– Geologie en Mijnbouw, 56, 37–65.
SMIT, J. (1982): Extinction and evolution of planktonic foraminifera after a major impact at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.- In: SILVER, L.T. & SCHULTZ, P.H. (eds.): Geological implications of impacts of large asteroids and comets on the Earth.– Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 190, 329–352.
STRADNER, H. (1961): Vorkommen von Nannofossilien im Mesozoikum und Alttertiar.– Erdöl-Zeitung, 77, 77–88.
TANTAWY, A. (2003): Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Cretaceous–Tertiary transition in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt.– Marine Micropaleontology, 47, 323–356. doi: 10.1016/S0377-8398(02)00135-4
THIBAULT, N. & GARDIN, S. (2007): The Late Maastrichtian nannofossil record of climate change in the South Atlantic DSDP Hole 525A.– Marine Micropaleontology, 65, 163–184. doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.07.004
THIBAULT, N., HUSSON, D., HARLOU, R., GARDIN, S., GALBRUN, B., HURET, E. & MINOLETTI, F. (2012): Astronomical calibration of upper Campanian–Maastrichtian carbon isotope events and calcareous plankton biostratigraphy in the Indian Ocean (ODP Hole 762C): Implications for the age of the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary.– Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 337–338, 52–71. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.027
THIBAULT, N., MINOLETTI, F. & GARDIN, S. (2018): Offsets in the early Danian recovery phase in carbon isotopes: Evidence from the biometrics and phylogeny of the Cruciplacolithus lineage.– Revue de Micropaléontologie, 61, 207–221. doi: 10.1016/j.revmic.2018.09.002
THIERSTEIN, H.E. (1980): Selective dissolution of Late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary calcareous nannofossils: Experimental evidence.– Cretaceous Research, 1, 2, 165–176. doi: 10.1016/0195-6671(80)90023-3
TUYSUZ, O. & DELLALOĞLU, A.A. (1992): Çankırı Havzasının tektonik birlikleri ve jeolojik evrimi (in Turkish).– Türkiye 9, Petrol Kongresi, 333–349.
VAN HECK, S.E. & PRINS, B. (1987): A refined nannoplankton zonation for the Danian of the central North Sea.– Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 39, 285–303.
VAROL, O. (1983): Late Cretaceous–Paleocene calcareous nannofossils from the Kokaksu section (Zonguldak, northern Turkey).– Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 166, 3, 431–460.
VAROL, O. (1989): Palaeocene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy.– In: CRUX, J.A. & VAN HECK, S.E. (eds.): Nannofossils and their applications. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 265–310.
VEKSHINA, V.N. (1959): Coccolithophoridae of the Maastrichtian deposits of the west Siberian lowlands.– Sniiggims, 2, 56–77.
WATKINS, D.K. & SELF-TRAIL, J.M. (2005): Calcareous nannofossil evidence for the existence of the Gulf Stream during the late Maastrichtian.– Paleoceanography, 20, 3, 1–9. doi: 10.1029/2004PA001121
WEI, W. (1988): A new technique for preparing quantitative nannofossil slides.– Journal of Paleontology, 62, 472–473. doi: 10.1017/S002233600005928X
YILDIZ, A., KARAHASAN, G., DEMİRCAN, H. & TOKER, V. (2000): Kalecik (Ankara) Güneydoğusu Alt Maastrihtiyen-Paleosen Biyostratigrafisi ve Paleoekolojisi (in Turkish).– Yerbilimleri, 22, 247–259.
AGUADO, R., REOLID, M. & MOLINA, E. (2016): Response of calcareous nannoplankton to the Late Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 at Oued Bahloul (central Tunisia).– Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 459, 289–305. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.07.016
AKORALER, H. (2018): Malıboğazı-Tilkikoy (Kalecik, Ankara) ve Irmak (Kırıkkale) Çevrelerindeki Ust Kretase Çökellerinin Bentik Foraminiferleri (in Turkish).– Master’s thesis, Ankara University, 155 p.
AKYUREK, B., BILGINER, E., AKBAŞ, B., HEPSEN, N., PEHLIVAN, S., SUNU, O., SOYSAL, Y., DEGER, Z., CATAL, E., SOZERI, B. & YILDIRIM, H. (1982): Ankara-Elmadağ-Kalecik Dolayının Jeolojisi (in Turkish).– MTA Report No. 7298 (unpublished), Ankara.
AKYUREK, B., BİLGİNER, E., AKBAŞ, B., HEPŞEN, N., PEHLİVAN, Ş., SUNU, O., SOYSAL, Y., DEĞER, Z., ÇATAL, E., SOZERİ, B., YILDIRIM, H. & HAKYEMEZ, Y. (1984): Ankara-Elmadağ-Kalecik Dolayının Temel Jeoloji Ozellikleri (in Turkish).– Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 20, 31–46.
AKYUREK, B., DURU, M., SUTÇU, Y. F., PAPAK, İ., ŞAROĞLU, F., PEHLİVAN, N., GONENÇ, O., GRANİT, S. & YAŞAR, T. (1997): 1/100,000 Olçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi, Ankara F-15 paftası (in Turkish).– MTA publications, Ankara.
ARKHANGELSKY, A.D. (1912): Upper Cretaceous deposits of east European Russia.– Materialien zur Geologie Russlands, 25, 1–631.
AUBRY, M.P. & SALEM, R. (2013): The Dababiya Quarry core: Coccolith biostratigraphy.– Stratigraphy, 9, 241–259.
BARTOL, M., PAVSIC, J., DOBNIKAR, M. & BERNASCONI, S. M. (2008): Unusual Braarudosphaera bigelowii and Micrantholithus vesper enrichment in the Early Miocene sediments from the Slovenian Corridor, a seaway linking the Central Paratethys and the Mediterranean.– Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 267, 77–88. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.06.005
BERGGREN, W.A. & NORRIS, R.D. (1997): Biostratigraphy, phylogeny and systematics of Paleocene tropical planktic foraminifera.– Micropaleontology, 43, 1–116.
BERNAOLA, G. & MONECHI, S. (2007): Calcareous nannofossil extinction and survivorship across the Cretaceous−Paleogene boundary at Walvis Ridge (ODP Hole 1262C, South Atlantic Ocean).– Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 255, 132–156. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.045
BİRGİLİ, Ş., YOLDAŞ, R. & UNALAN, G. (1975): Çankırı-Çorum Havzasının Jeolojisi ve Petrol Olanakları (in Turkish).– MTA Report No. 5621 (unpublished), Ankara.
BOWN, P.R. (2005): Selective calcareous nannoplankton survivorship at the Cretaceous– Tertiary boundary.– Geology, 33, 653–656. doi: 10.1130/G21566AR.1
BOWN, P.R. & YOUNG, J.R. (1997): Mesozoic calcareous nannoplankton classification.– Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 19, 1, 21–36.
BOWN, P.R. & YOUNG, J.R. (1998): Techniques.– In: BOWN, P.R. (ed.): Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. Kluwer Academic Publisher, The Netherlands, 16–28. doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-4902-0_2
BRAMLETTE, M.N. & MARTINI, E. (1964): The great change in calcareous nannoplankton fossils between the Maestrichtian and Danian.– Micropaleontology, 10, 3, 291–322. doi: 10.2307/1484577
BUKRY, D. (1973): Phytoplankton stratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 20, Western Pacific Ocean.– Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 20, 307–317.
BURNETT, J.A. (1998): Upper Cretaceous. -In: BOWN, P.R. (ed.): Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. Kluwer Academic Publisher, London, 132–165. doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-4902-0_6
COCCIONI, R., FRONTALINI, F., BANCALÀ, G., FORNACIARI, E., JOVANE, L. & SPROVIERI, M. (2010): The Dan-C2 hyperthermal event at Gubbio (Italy): Global implications, environmental effects, and cause(s).– Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 297, 1–2, 298–305. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.06.031
DEFLANDRE, G. (1947): Braarudoshphaera nov. gen., type d’une famille nouvelle de coccolithophoridés actuels à éléments composites.– Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 225, 439–441.
DEFLANDRE, G. (1959): Sur des nannofossiles calcaires et leur systématique.– Revue de Micropaléontologie, 2, 127–152.
DEFLANDRE, G. (1963): Sur des Microrhabdulidés, famille nouvelle de nannofossiles calcaires.– Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, 256, 16, 3484–3486.
DONMEZ, M., AKÇAY, A.B., KARA, H., YERGOK, A.F. & ESENTURK, K. (2008): 1/100,000 Olçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeolojisi Haritaları Serisi, Kırşehir İ-30 Paftası (in Turkish).– MTA publications, Ankara.
ERKAN, Y. (1975): Orta Anadolu masifi güneybatısında (Kırşehir bölgesinde) etkili rejyonal metamorfizmanın petrolojik incelenmesi (in Turkish).– Unpubl. PhD thesis, Hacettepe University. 147 pp.
FUQUA, L.M., BRALOWER, T.J., ARTHUR, M.A. & PATZKOWSKY, M.E. (2008): Evolution of calcareous nannoplankton and the recovery of marine food webs after the Cretaceous–Paleocene mass extinction.– Palaios, 23, 4, 185–194. doi: 10.2110/palo.2007.p07-004r
GARTNER, S. (1968): Coccoliths and related calcareous nannofossils from Upper Cretaceous deposits of Texas and Arkansas. – University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 48, 1, 1–56.
GILLEAUDEAU, G.J., VOEGELIN, A.R., THIBAULT, N., MOREAU, J., ULLMANN, C.V., KLAEBE, R.M., KORTE, C. & FREI, R. (2018): Stable isotope records across the Cretaceous–Paleogene transition, Stevns Klint, Denmark: New insights from the chromium isotope system.– Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 235, 305–332. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2018.04.028
GOKÇEN, N. (1977): Irmak-Hacıbalı-Mahmutlar-Ankara, Yahşıyan Üst Kretase-Paleojen istifinin biyostratigrafik incelemesi (in Turkish).– Yerbilimleri, 2, 2, 129–144.
GONCUOĞLU, M.C. (1981): Niğde Masifinde viridinli gnaysın kökeni (in Turkish).– Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 24, 45–50.
GORMUŞ, M. & AKORALER, H. (2019): Benthic foraminifera of the Maastrichtian sediments from the Malıboğazı (Kalecik, Ankara) and Irmak (Kırıkkale) areas in Türkiye. World Multidisciplinary Earth Sciences Symposium (WMESS 2019), IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Prague, 362, 1–10.
GORUR, N., TUYSUZ, O. & ŞENGOR, A.M.C. (1998): Tectonic evolution of the central Anatolian basins.– International Geology Review, 40, 831–850.
GRAN, H. H. & BRAARUD, T. (1935): A quantitative study of the phytoplankton in the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine (including observations on hydrography, chemistry, and turbidity).– Journal of the Biological Board of Canada, 1, 279–467.
GRÜN, W. & ALLEMANN, F. (1975): The lower Cretaceous of Caravaca (Spain): Berriasian calcareous nannoplankton of the Miravetes section (Subbetic Zone, Prov. of Murcia).– Eclogae Geologica Helvetica, 68, 1, 147–211.
GUERRA, R.M., CONCHEYRO, A., KOCHHAN, K.G.D., BOM, M.H.H., CEOLIN, D., MUSSO, T., SAVIAN, J.F. & FAUTH, G. (2021): Calcareous microfossils and paleoenvironmental changes across the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary at the Cerro Azul section, Neuquén Basin, Argentina.– Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 567, 1, 110217. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110217
HATTNER, J.G. & WISE, S.W. (1980): Upper Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of South Carolina.– South Carolina Geology, 24, 41–117.
HAY, W. W. & MOHLER, H. P. (1967): Calcareous nannoplankton from early Tertiary rocks at Pont Labau, France, and Paleocene–Eocene correlations.– Journal of Paleontology, 41, 1505–1541.
HILL, M.E. (1975): Selective dissolution of mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) calcareous nannofossils.– Micropaleontology, 21, 2, 227–235. doi: 10.2307/1485025
HUBER, B.T., MACLEOD, K.G. & NORRIS, R.D. (2002): Abrupt extinction and subsequent reworking of Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera across the Cretaceous– Tertiary boundary: Evidence from the subtropical North Atlantic.– Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 356, 277–289. doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2356-6.277
JONES, H.L., LOWERY, C.M. & BRALOWER T.J. (2019): Delayed calcareous nannoplankton boom–bust successions in the earliest Paleocene Chicxulub (Mexico) impact crater.– Geology, 47, 753–756. doi: 10.1130/G46143.1
KASEM, A.M., WISE, S., FARIS, M., FAROUK, S. & ZAHRAN, E. (2017): Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the uppermost Maastrichtian–lower Paleocene at the Misheiti section, East Central Sinai, Egypt.– Revue de Micropaléontologie, 60, 179–192. doi: 10.1016/j.revmic.2017.05.002
KAYA OZER, C. (2014): Calcareous nannofossil assemblage changes and stable isotope data from Maastrichtian to Selandian in the Akveren Formation, western Black Sea. Turkey.– Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7, 1233–1247. doi: 10.1007/s12517-013-0856-y
KAYA OZER, C. & TEMİZ, U. (2019): Calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of Santonian to Danian in Göynük Basin, Bolu, Turkey.– Journal of African Earth Sciences, 149, 235–270. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.08.011
KELLER, G., ADATTE, T., BERNER, Z., HARTING, M., BAUM, G., PRAUSS, M., TANTAWY, A. & STUEBEN, D. (2007): Chicxulub impact predates K–T boundary: New evidence from Brazos, Texas.– Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 255, 3–4, 339–356. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.026
KETIN, I. (1961): Über die magmatischen Erscheinungen in der Turkei.– Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 7, 2, 1–16.
LEES, J.A. (2002): Calcareous nannofossil biogeography illustrates palaeoclimate change in the Late Cretaceous Indian Ocean.– Cretaceous Research, 23, 537–634. doi: 10.1006/cres.2003.1021
LEES, J.A., BOWN, P.R. & MATTIOLI, E. (2005): Problem with proxies? Cautionary tales of calcareous nannofossil paleoenvironmental indicators.– Micropaleontology, 51, 4, 333–343. doi: 10.2113/gsmicropal.51.4.333
MAHANIPOUR, A., MUTTERLOSE, J. & PARANDAVAR, M. (2022): Integrated bio and chemostratigraphy of the Cretaceous – Paleogene boundary interval in the Zagros Basin (Iran, central Tethys).– Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 587, 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110785
MAHANIPOUR, A., PARANDAVAR, M. & YOUSSEF, M. (2021): Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the Late Cretaceous‒early Paleocene interval in the Zagros Basin (southeastern Tethys), Iran. – Alcheringa, 45, 1, 95–108. doi: 10.1080/03115518.2021.1872702
MARTINI, E. (1971): Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation.– In: Proceedings of the 2nd Planktonic Conference, Roma, 739–785.
MOLINA, E., ALEGRET, L., ARENILLAS, I., ARZ, J.A., GALLALA, N., HARDENBOL, J., VON SALIS, K., STEURBAUT, E., VANDENBERGHE, N. & ZAGHBIB-TURKI, D. (2006): The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Danian Stage (Paleocene, Paleogene, “Tertiary”, Cenozoic) at El Kef Tunisia–Original definition and revision.– Episodes, 29, 263–373. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i4/004
MOLINA, E., ARENILLAS, J. & ARZ, J.A. (1998): Mass extinction in planktic foraminifera at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in subtropical and temperate latitudes.– Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 169, 351–363.
MUTTERLOSE, J. (1996): Calcareous nannofossil palaeoceanography of the Early Cretaceous of the NW Europe.– Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Staatsinstitut in Hamburg, 77, 291–313.
NORMAN, T. (1972a): Ankara Yahşihan bölgesinde Üst Kretase–Alt Tersiyer İstifinin Stratigrafisi (in Turkish). -MTA Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Kurulu Projesi, 180–276.
NORMAN, T. (1972b): Ankara Yahşihan Bölgesinde Ust Kretase–Tersiyer Yerkabuğu Hareketleri (in Turkish).– Kuzey Anadolu Fay Sempozyumu Tebliğleri, Ankara, 97–108.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1968): Der Feinbau und die Klassifikation der Coccolithen aus dem Maastrichtien von Danemark.– Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Biologiske Skrifter, 16, 1, 1–96.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1971): Neue Coccolithen aus dem Paläozän von Dänemark, der Bucht von Biskaya und dem Eozän der Labrador See.– Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 21, 51–66.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1977): Albian to Pleistocene calcareous nannofossils from the western South Atlantic.– Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 39, 699–823.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1984): Validation of new combinations.– INA Newsletter, 6, 1, 42–46.
PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (1985): Cenozoic calcareous nannofossils.– In: BOLLI, H.M., SAUNDERS, J.B. & PERCH-NIELSEN, K. (eds): Plankton Stratigraphy. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 422–454.
PEREZ-RODRÍGUEZ, I., LEES, J.A., LARRASOAÑA, J.C., ARZ, J.A. & ARENILLAS, I. (2012): Planktonic foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of the uppermost Campanian and Maastrichtian at Zumaia, northern Spain.– Cretaceous Research, 37, 100–126. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.011
POSPICHAL, J.J. & BRALOWER, T.J. (1992): Calcareous nannofossils across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, ODP Site 761, Northwest Australian Margin.– Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 122, 735–752.
POSPICHAL, J.J. & WISE, S.W. (1990): Calcareous nannofossils across the K/T boundary, ODP Hole 690C, Maud Rise, Weddell Sea.– Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 113, 515–532.
POSPICHAL, J.J. (1996): Calcareous nannoplankton mass extinction at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: an update.– In: RYDER, G., FASTOVSKY, D. & GARTNER, S. (eds.): The Cretaceous–Tertiary Event and other Catastrophes in Earth History, Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 307, 335–360.
REINHARDT, P. (1965): Neue Familien für fossile Kalkflagellaten (Coccolithophoriden, Coccolithineen).– Monatsberichte der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 7, 30–40.
RIGO DE RIGHI, M. & CORTESINI, A. (1959): Anatolian Basin. Turkish Gulf Oil Co., Progress Report, No. 1 (unpublished), Ankara.
ROMEIN, A.J.T. (1979): Lineages in early Paleogene calcareous nannoplankton.– Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins, 22, 1–231.
ROTH, P.H. (1978): Calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy and oceanography of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean.– Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 44, 731–760.
SARI, B., YILDIZ, A., KORKMAZ, T. & PETRIZZO, M.R. (2016): Planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils record in the upper Campanian–Maastrichtian pelagic deposits of the Malatya Basin in the Hekimhan area (NW Malatya, eastern Anatolia).– Cretaceous Research, 61, 91–107. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.012
SCHILLER, J. (1930): Coccolithineae.– In: RABENHORST, L. (ed.): Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 89–267.
SCHULTE, P., ALEGRET, L., ARENILLAS, I., ARZ, J.A., BARTON, P.J., BOWN, P.R. BRALOWER, T.J., CHRISTESON, G., CLAEYS, P., COCKELL, C.S., COLLINS, G.S., DEUTSCH, A., GOLDIN, T.J., GOTO, K., GRAJALES-NISHIMURA, J.M., GRIEVE, R.A.F, GULICK, S.P.S., JOHNSON, K.R., KIESSLING, W., KOEBERL, C., KRING, D.A., MACLEOD, K.G., MATSUI, T., MELOSH, J., MONTANARI, A., MORGAN, J.A., NEAL, C.R., NICHOLS, D.J., NORRIS, R.D., PIERAZZO, E., RAVIZZA, G., REBOLLEDO-VIEYRA, M., REIMOLD, W.U., ROBIN, E., SALGE, T., SPEIJER, R.P., SWEET, A.R., URRUTIA-FUCUGAUCHI, J., VAJDA, V., MICHAEL T., WHALEN, M.T. & WILLUMSEN, P.S. (2010): The Chicxulub asteroid impact and mass extinction at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.– Science, 327, 1214–1218. doi: 10.1126/science.1177265
ŠVABENICKA, L. (1999): Braarudosphaera-rich sediments in the Turonian of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic.– Cretaceous Research, 20, 773–782. doi: 10.1006/cres.1999.0182
ŞENGOR, A.M.C. (1985): Geology: East Asian tectonic collage.– Nature, 318, 16–17.
ŞENGOR, A.M.C. & YILMAZ, Y. (1981): Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach.– Tectonophysics, 75, 181–241.
SEYMEN, L. (1982): Kaman Dolayında Kırşehir Masifi’nin Jeolojisi (in Turkish).– Unpubl. PhD thesis, Istanbul Technical University, 164 p.
SHIPBOARD SCIENTIFIC PARTY (2004): Site 1266. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program.– Initial Reports, 208, 1–92.
SISSINGH, W. (1977): Biostratigraphy of Cretaceous calcareous nannoplankton.– Geologie en Mijnbouw, 56, 37–65.
SMIT, J. (1982): Extinction and evolution of planktonic foraminifera after a major impact at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.- In: SILVER, L.T. & SCHULTZ, P.H. (eds.): Geological implications of impacts of large asteroids and comets on the Earth.– Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 190, 329–352.
STRADNER, H. (1961): Vorkommen von Nannofossilien im Mesozoikum und Alttertiar.– Erdöl-Zeitung, 77, 77–88.
TANTAWY, A. (2003): Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Cretaceous–Tertiary transition in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt.– Marine Micropaleontology, 47, 323–356. doi: 10.1016/S0377-8398(02)00135-4
THIBAULT, N. & GARDIN, S. (2007): The Late Maastrichtian nannofossil record of climate change in the South Atlantic DSDP Hole 525A.– Marine Micropaleontology, 65, 163–184. doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.07.004
THIBAULT, N., HUSSON, D., HARLOU, R., GARDIN, S., GALBRUN, B., HURET, E. & MINOLETTI, F. (2012): Astronomical calibration of upper Campanian–Maastrichtian carbon isotope events and calcareous plankton biostratigraphy in the Indian Ocean (ODP Hole 762C): Implications for the age of the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary.– Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 337–338, 52–71. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.027
THIBAULT, N., MINOLETTI, F. & GARDIN, S. (2018): Offsets in the early Danian recovery phase in carbon isotopes: Evidence from the biometrics and phylogeny of the Cruciplacolithus lineage.– Revue de Micropaléontologie, 61, 207–221. doi: 10.1016/j.revmic.2018.09.002
THIERSTEIN, H.E. (1980): Selective dissolution of Late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary calcareous nannofossils: Experimental evidence.– Cretaceous Research, 1, 2, 165–176. doi: 10.1016/0195-6671(80)90023-3
TUYSUZ, O. & DELLALOĞLU, A.A. (1992): Çankırı Havzasının tektonik birlikleri ve jeolojik evrimi (in Turkish).– Türkiye 9, Petrol Kongresi, 333–349.
VAN HECK, S.E. & PRINS, B. (1987): A refined nannoplankton zonation for the Danian of the central North Sea.– Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 39, 285–303.
VAROL, O. (1983): Late Cretaceous–Paleocene calcareous nannofossils from the Kokaksu section (Zonguldak, northern Turkey).– Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 166, 3, 431–460.
VAROL, O. (1989): Palaeocene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy.– In: CRUX, J.A. & VAN HECK, S.E. (eds.): Nannofossils and their applications. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 265–310.
VEKSHINA, V.N. (1959): Coccolithophoridae of the Maastrichtian deposits of the west Siberian lowlands.– Sniiggims, 2, 56–77.
WATKINS, D.K. & SELF-TRAIL, J.M. (2005): Calcareous nannofossil evidence for the existence of the Gulf Stream during the late Maastrichtian.– Paleoceanography, 20, 3, 1–9. doi: 10.1029/2004PA001121
WEI, W. (1988): A new technique for preparing quantitative nannofossil slides.– Journal of Paleontology, 62, 472–473. doi: 10.1017/S002233600005928X
YILDIZ, A., KARAHASAN, G., DEMİRCAN, H. & TOKER, V. (2000): Kalecik (Ankara) Güneydoğusu Alt Maastrihtiyen-Paleosen Biyostratigrafisi ve Paleoekolojisi (in Turkish).– Yerbilimleri, 22, 247–259.