Large gravitational collapse structure on a rocky coast (Kvarner, NE Adriatic Sea)
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Published:
Oct 16, 2023
Keywords:
coastal instability, tectonic movements, rock slide, rock fall, structural analysis, SfM-MVS photogrammetry, submarine survey
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Abstract
The studied rock collapse structure is located on the Liburnian coast (Rijeka Bay, channel zone of the NE Adriatic). The relief of the southern part of this coast, with a length of 6.5 km, is a large escarpment with very steep to vertical slopes reaching heights of 100 m above sea level, as a result of tectonic movements along the Kvarner fault zone. These events probably led to a sudden relaxation of the highly fractured rock mass. The progressive expansion occurred at locations where previously favourably oriented faults and fissures had formed a polygonal rock collapse resembling a rock-slide which is the focus of this study. Another aim of this study is to reconstruct and explain the complex morphological evolution of the studied landslide, from the pre-failure deformations, through the failure itself, to post-failure displacements, as well as possible future instabilities. Recent techniques to survey the instability, location and to analyse the evolution of the rupture surface and its dimensions were combined (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Side Scan Sonar and Remotely Operated Vehicles). The estimated total volume of displaced rock mass is 950,000 m3. The lower part of the instability phenomenon was submerged during the Holocene sea level rise. Since then, a large part of the displaced rock mass has been in a stable position, with sporadic rock falls. However, given unfavourable orientation and discontinuity characteristics, as well as unfavourable environmental influences, possible instabilities might also be expected in the future.
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References
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DEL BEN, A., FINETTI, I., REBEZ, A. & SLEJKO, D. (1991): Seismicity and Seismotectonics at the Alps - Dinarides Contact.– Boll. di Geofisica Teorica ad Applicata, XXXIII (130–131), 155–176.
FONSTAD, M.A., DIETRICH, J.T., COURVILLE, B.C., JENSEN, J.L. & CARBONNEAU, P.E. (2013): Topographic structure from motion: A new development in photogrammetric measurement.– Earth Surf. Process Landforms 38/4, 421–430. doi: 10.1002/esp.3366
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IAEG (1990): Suggested Nomenclature for Landslides.– Bull. IAEG, 41, 13–16.
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MARINČIĆ, S. & MATIČEC, D. (1991): Tektonika i kinematika deformacija na primjeru Istre [Tectonics and kinematics of deformations, an Istrian model – in Croatian].– Geološki vjesnik, 44, 257–268.
MARKUŠIĆ, S., STANKO, D., KORBAR, T. & SOVIĆ, I. (2019): Estimation of nearsurface attenuation in the tectonically complex contact area of the Northwestern External Dinarides and the Adriatic foreland.– Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2701–2714. doi: 10.5194/nhess-19-2701-2019
MIHLJEVIĆ, D. (1996). Strukturno-geomorfološke značajke i morfotektonski model razvoja gorskog hrpta Učke [Structural-geomorphological Characteristics and Morphotectogenetic Evolution Model of the Učka Mountain Range (Croatia) – in Croatian].– Hrvatski geografski glasnik 58, 33–39.
ORLIĆ, M. & PASARIĆ, Z. (2013): Semi-empirical versus process-based sea-level projections for the twenty-first century.– Nat. Climat Change, 3, 735–738. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1877
PENZAR, B., PENZAR I. & ORLIĆ, M. (2001): Vrijeme i klima hrvatskog Jadrana [Weather and climate of Croatian Adriatic – in Croatian].– Dr. Feletar, Biblioteka Geographica Croatica 16, Zagreb, 258 p.
PIRAZZOLI, P.A. (2005): A review of possible eustatic, isostatic and tectonic contributions in eight late-Holocene sea-level histories from the Mediterranean area.– Quat. Sci. Rev., 24, 1989–2001. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.06.026
PLACER, L., VRABEC, M. & CELARC, B. (2010): The bases for understanding of the NW Dinarides and Istria Peninsula tectonics.– Geologija, 53/1, 55–86. doi: 10.5474/geologija.2010.005
RUŽIĆ, I., MAROVIĆ, I., BENAC, Č. & ILIĆ, S. (2014): Coastal cliff geometry derived from structure-from-motion photogrammetry at Stara Baška, Krk Island, Croatia.– Geo-Marine Letters, 34, 555–565. doi: 10.1007/s00367-014-0380-4
SHANG, X., ZHAO, J. & ZHANG, H. (2019): Obtaining High-Resolution Seabed Topography and Surface Details by Co-Registration of Side-Scan Sonar and Multibeam Echo Sounder Images.– Remote sensing, 2019/11, 1–21 (1496). doi: 10.3390/rs11121496
SURIĆ, M., KORBAR, T. & JURAČIĆ, M. (2014): Tectonic constraints on the late Pleistocene-Holocene relative sea-level change along the north-eastern Adriatic coast (Croatia).– Geomorphology, 220, 93–103. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.06.001
ŠIKIĆ, D., POLŠAK, A. & MAGAŠ, N. (1969): Osnovna geološka karta 1:100.000, list Labin [Basic Geological Map 1:100.000, Labin sheet – in Croatian].– Institut za geološka istraživanja, Zagreb, Savezni geološki zavod, Beograd.
TSIMPLIS, M.N., RAICICH, F., FENOGLIO-MARC, L., SHAW, A.G.P., MARCOS, M., SOMOT, S, & BERGAMASCO, A. (2012): Recent developments in understanding sea level rise at the Adriatic coasts.– Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C, 40–41, 59–71. doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2009.11.007
WEBER, J., VRABEC, M., PAVLOVČIČ-PREŠEREN, P., DIXON, T., JIANG, Y. & STOPAR, B. (2010): GPS-derived motion of the Adriatic microplate from Istria Peninsula and Po Plain sites, and geodynamic implications.– Tectonophysics, 483/3–4, 214–222. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.09.001
BENAC, Č., JURAČIĆ, M. & BAKRAN-PETRICIOLI, T. (2004): Submerged tidal notches in the Rijeka Bay NE Adriatic Sea: Indicators of relative sea-level change and recent tectonic movements.– Marine Geol., 212, 21–33. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.09.002
BENAC, Č., DUGONJIĆ, S., ARBANAS, Ž., OŠTRIĆ, M. & JURAK, V. (2009): The origin of instability phenomena along the karst-flysch contacts.– In: VRKLJAN, I. (ed.): ISRM Int. Symp. Rock Engineering in Difficult Ground Conditions: Soft Rock and Karst. Dubrovnik, October 2009, CRC Press, Boca Raton-London-New York- Leiden, 757–761.
BENAC, Č., DUGONJIĆ, S., VIVODA, M., OŠTRIĆ, M. & ARBANAS, Ž. (2011): A complex landslide in the Rječina Valley: results of monitoring 1998-2010.– Geol. Croat., 64/3, 239–249. doi: 104154/gc.2011.20
BENJAMIN, J., ROVERE, A., FONTANA, A., FURLANI, S., VACCHI, M., INGLIS, R.H., GALILI, E., ANTONIOLI, F., SIVAN, D., MIKO, S., MOURTZAS, N., FELJA, I., MEREDITH-WILLIAMS, M., GOODMAN-TCHERNOV, B., KOLAITI, E., ANZIDEI, M. & GEHRELS, R. (2017): Late Quaternary sea-level changes and early human societies in the central and eastern Mediterranean Basin: An interdisciplinary review.– Quat. Int., 449, 29–57. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.06.025
BONALDO, D., BUCCHIGNANI, E., RICCHI, A. & CARNIEL, S. (2017): Wind storminess in the Adriatic Sea in a climate change scenario.– Acta Adriat., 58/2, 195–208. doi: 10.32582/aa.58.2.1
DEL BEN, A., FINETTI, I., REBEZ, A. & SLEJKO, D. (1991): Seismicity and Seismotectonics at the Alps - Dinarides Contact.– Boll. di Geofisica Teorica ad Applicata, XXXIII (130–131), 155–176.
FONSTAD, M.A., DIETRICH, J.T., COURVILLE, B.C., JENSEN, J.L. & CARBONNEAU, P.E. (2013): Topographic structure from motion: A new development in photogrammetric measurement.– Earth Surf. Process Landforms 38/4, 421–430. doi: 10.1002/esp.3366
HGI (2009): Geološka karta Republike Hrvatske 1:300.000 [Geological Map of Republic of Croatia 1:300.000 – in Croatian].– Hrvatski geološki institut, Zagreb.
HUNGR, O., LEROUEIL, S. & PICARELLI, L. (2013): The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update.– Landslides 11/2, 1–28. doi: 10.1007/s10346-013-0436-y
IADANZA, C., TRIGILA, A., VITTORI, E. & SERVA, L. (2009): Landslides in coastal areas of Italy.– In: VIOLANTE, C. (ed.): Geohazard in Rocky Coastal Areas. Spec. publication 322. Geological Society, London, 121–142. doi: 10.1144/SP322.5
IAEG (1990): Suggested Nomenclature for Landslides.– Bull. IAEG, 41, 13–16.
JAMES, M.R. & ROBSON, S. (2012): Straightforward reconstruction of 3D surfaces and topography with a camera: Accuracy and geoscience application.– J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 117(F03017), 1–17. doi: 10.1029/2011JF002289.2012F030171of17
JURAČIĆ, M., BENAC, Č., PIKELJ, K. & ILIĆ, S. (2009): Comparison of the vulnerability of limestone (karst) and siliciclastic coasts (example from the Kvarner area, NE Adriatic, Croatia).– Geomorphology, 107/1–2, 90–99. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.05.020
KORBAR, T. (2009): Orogenic evolution of the External Dinarides in the NE Adriatic region: a model constrained by tectonostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene carbonates.– Earth-Sci. Rev., 96/4, 296–312. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.07.004
KORBAR, T., MARKUŠIĆ, S., HASAN, O., FUČEK, L., BRUNOVIĆ, D., BELIĆ, N., PALENIK, D. & KASTELIC, V. (2020): Active tectonics in the Kvarner region (External Dinarides, Croatia) – an alternative approach based on new focused geological mapping, 3D seismological and shallow seismic imaging data.– Frontiers in Earth Sci., 8, 1–21 (582797). doi: 10.3389/feart.2020.582797
MARINČIĆ, S. & MATIČEC, D. (1991): Tektonika i kinematika deformacija na primjeru Istre [Tectonics and kinematics of deformations, an Istrian model – in Croatian].– Geološki vjesnik, 44, 257–268.
MARKUŠIĆ, S., STANKO, D., KORBAR, T. & SOVIĆ, I. (2019): Estimation of nearsurface attenuation in the tectonically complex contact area of the Northwestern External Dinarides and the Adriatic foreland.– Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2701–2714. doi: 10.5194/nhess-19-2701-2019
MIHLJEVIĆ, D. (1996). Strukturno-geomorfološke značajke i morfotektonski model razvoja gorskog hrpta Učke [Structural-geomorphological Characteristics and Morphotectogenetic Evolution Model of the Učka Mountain Range (Croatia) – in Croatian].– Hrvatski geografski glasnik 58, 33–39.
ORLIĆ, M. & PASARIĆ, Z. (2013): Semi-empirical versus process-based sea-level projections for the twenty-first century.– Nat. Climat Change, 3, 735–738. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1877
PENZAR, B., PENZAR I. & ORLIĆ, M. (2001): Vrijeme i klima hrvatskog Jadrana [Weather and climate of Croatian Adriatic – in Croatian].– Dr. Feletar, Biblioteka Geographica Croatica 16, Zagreb, 258 p.
PIRAZZOLI, P.A. (2005): A review of possible eustatic, isostatic and tectonic contributions in eight late-Holocene sea-level histories from the Mediterranean area.– Quat. Sci. Rev., 24, 1989–2001. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.06.026
PLACER, L., VRABEC, M. & CELARC, B. (2010): The bases for understanding of the NW Dinarides and Istria Peninsula tectonics.– Geologija, 53/1, 55–86. doi: 10.5474/geologija.2010.005
RUŽIĆ, I., MAROVIĆ, I., BENAC, Č. & ILIĆ, S. (2014): Coastal cliff geometry derived from structure-from-motion photogrammetry at Stara Baška, Krk Island, Croatia.– Geo-Marine Letters, 34, 555–565. doi: 10.1007/s00367-014-0380-4
SHANG, X., ZHAO, J. & ZHANG, H. (2019): Obtaining High-Resolution Seabed Topography and Surface Details by Co-Registration of Side-Scan Sonar and Multibeam Echo Sounder Images.– Remote sensing, 2019/11, 1–21 (1496). doi: 10.3390/rs11121496
SURIĆ, M., KORBAR, T. & JURAČIĆ, M. (2014): Tectonic constraints on the late Pleistocene-Holocene relative sea-level change along the north-eastern Adriatic coast (Croatia).– Geomorphology, 220, 93–103. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.06.001
ŠIKIĆ, D., POLŠAK, A. & MAGAŠ, N. (1969): Osnovna geološka karta 1:100.000, list Labin [Basic Geological Map 1:100.000, Labin sheet – in Croatian].– Institut za geološka istraživanja, Zagreb, Savezni geološki zavod, Beograd.
TSIMPLIS, M.N., RAICICH, F., FENOGLIO-MARC, L., SHAW, A.G.P., MARCOS, M., SOMOT, S, & BERGAMASCO, A. (2012): Recent developments in understanding sea level rise at the Adriatic coasts.– Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C, 40–41, 59–71. doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2009.11.007
WEBER, J., VRABEC, M., PAVLOVČIČ-PREŠEREN, P., DIXON, T., JIANG, Y. & STOPAR, B. (2010): GPS-derived motion of the Adriatic microplate from Istria Peninsula and Po Plain sites, and geodynamic implications.– Tectonophysics, 483/3–4, 214–222. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.09.001