Early Jurassic radiolarians from the Weitenau area (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria) and their implications on palaeogeography
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Lower Jurassic sedimentary sequence deposited on the outer shelf (Hallstat shelf) of the Neo-Tethys passive margin occurs often as blocks in different mélanges formed in the frame of the Middle–Late Jurassic mountain building process related to ophiolite obduction. They are studied in detail for their age and sedimentological properties, because they represent the only way to reconstruct the Jurassic distal parts of the Neotethyan passive continental margin. One of these blocks, belonging to the Dürrnberg Formation, was found in the Haselgebirge Mélange of the Weitenau Area (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria) and yielded a radiolarian fauna, which was assigned to the uppermost Lower Pliensbachian Gigi fustis-Lantus sixi radiolarian zone. The radiolarian assemblage is well-preserved and contains 53 species belonging to 30 genera.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
Section
Original Scientific Papers
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors have copyright and publishing rights on all published manuscripts.
References
AUER, M., GAWLICK, H.-J., SUZUKI, H. & SCHLAGINTWEIT, F. (2009): Spatial and temporal development of the siliceous basin and shallow-water carbonate sedimentation in Oxfordian Northern Calcareous Alps.– Facies, 55, 63–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-008-0155-3
BERTINELLI, A. & MARCUCCI, M. (2011): Middle and Late Hettangian radiolarians from Mt. Camicia succession (Gran Sasso, Central Apennines – Italy).– Riv. Ital. Paleontol. S., 117, 399–421. https://doi.org/10.13130/2039-4942/5983
BÖHM, F. (1992): Mikrofazies und Ablagerungsmilieu des Lias und Dogger der Nordöstlichen Kalkalpen.– Erlanger Geologische Abhandlungen, 121, 55–217.
BRAGIN, N., LEDNEVA, G., BRAGINA, L., TSIOLAKIS, E., SYMEOU, V. & PAPADIMITRIOU, N. (2022): The radiolarian age and petrographic composition of a block of the Lower Jurassic volcaniclastic breccia and chert of the Mamonia Complex, SW Cyprus.– Geol. Croat., 75/1, 115–128. https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.07
BUJTOR, L., KRISCHE, O. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2013): Late Berriasian ammonite assemblage and biostratigraphy of the Leube quarry near Salzburg (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria).– N. Jb. Geol. Pal. Abh., 267, 273–295. http://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0309
CARTER, E.S., CAMERON, B.E.B. & SMITH, P.L. (1988): Lower and Middle Jurassic radiolarian biostratigraphy and systematic paleontology, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.– Geol. Surv. Can., Bull., 386, 1–109.
CARTER, E.S., GORIČAN, Š., GUEX, J., O´DOGHERTY, L., DE WEVER, P., DUMITRICA, P., HORI, R.S., MATSUOKA, A. & WHALEN, P.A. (2010): Global radiolarian zonation for the Pliensbachian, Toarcian and Aalenian.– Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. Palaeoec., 297, 401–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.024
CHIARI, M., BAUMGARTNER, P.O., BERNOULLI, D., BORTOLLI, V., MARCUCCI, M., PHOTIADES, A. & PRINCIPI, G. (2013): Late Triassic, Early and Middle Jurassic Radiolaria from ferromanganese-chert ‘nodules’ (Angelokastron, Argolis, Greece): evidence for prolonged radiolarite sedimentation in the Maliac-Vardar Ocean.– Facies, 59, 391–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-012-0314-4
CIFER, T. & GORIČAN, Š. (2023a): Late Sinemurian and Early Pliensbachian Radiolaria from Mount Rettenstein (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). Part 1. Nassellaria.– Rev. Micropaleontol., 79, 100717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmic.2023.100717
CIFER, T. & GORIČAN, Š. (2023b): Late Sinemurian and Early Pliensbachian Radiolaria from Mount Rettenstein (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). Part 2. Entactinaria and Spumellaria.– Rev. Micropaleontol., 81, 100752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmic.2023.100752
CIFER, T., GORIČAN, Š., GAWLICK, H.-J. & AUER, M. (2020): Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria.– Acta Palaeontol. Pol., 65/1, 167–207. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00618.2019
CIFER, T., GORIČAN, Š., AUER, M., DEMÉNY, A., FRAGUAS, Á., GAWLICK, H.-J. & RIECHELMANN, S. (2022): Integrated stratigraphy (radiolarians, calcareous nannofossils, carbon and strontium isotopes) of the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian transition at Mt. Rettenstein, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria.– Global Planet. Change, 212, 103811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.103811
DE WEVER, P. (1981a): Hagiastridae, Patulibracchiidae et Spongodiscidae (radiolaires polycystines) du Lias de Turquie.– Rev. Micropaleontol., 24, 27–50.
DE WEVER, P. (1981b): Parasaturnalidae, Pantanellidae et Sponguridae (radiolaires polycystynes) du Lias de Turquie.– Rev. Micropaleontol., 24, 138–156.
DE WEVER, P. (1982a): Nassellaria (radiolaires polycystines) du Lias de Turquie.– Rev. Micropaleontol., 24, 189–232.
DE WEVER, P. (1982b): Radiolaires du Trias et du Lias de la Tethys (Systématique, Stratigraphie).– Société Géologique du Nord, Publication, 7, 1–599.
FAUPL, P. & WAGREICH, M. (2000): Late Jurassic to Eocene palaeogeography and geodynamic evolution of the Eastern Alps.– Mitt. Osterr. Geol. G., 92, 79–194.
FESTA, A., PINI, G.A., DILEK, Y., OGATA, K. & ALONSO, J.L. (2016): Origin and significance of olistostromes in the evolution of orogenic belts: A global synthesis. Gondwana Res., 39, 180–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.08.002
FRISCH, W. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2003): The nappe structure of the central Northern Calcareous Alps and its disintegration during Miocene tectonic extrusion – a contribution to understanding the orogenic evolution of the Eastern Alps.– Int. J. Earth. Sci., 92, 712–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00531-003-0357-4
GAWLICK, H.-J. & MISSONI, S. (2013): Field Trip B2: Triassic to Early Cretaceous geodynamic history of the central Northern Calcareous Alps (Northwestern Tethyan realm).– Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 99, 216–270, Wien.
GAWLICK, H.-J. & MISSONI, S. (2019): Middle-Late Jurassic sedimentary mélange formation related to ophiolite obduction in the Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic Mountain Range.– Gondwana Res., 74, 144–172. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.03.003
GAWLICK, H.-J. & SCHLAGINTWEIT, F. (2006): Berriasian drowning of the Plassen carbonate platform at the type-locality and its bearing on the early Eoalpine orogenic dynamics in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria).– Int. J. Earth. Sci., 95, 451–462. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-005-0048-4
GAWLICK, H.-J., FRISCH, W., VECSEI, A., STEIGER, T. & BÖHM, F. (1999): The change from rifting to thrusting in the Northern Calcareous Alps as recorded in Jurassic sediments.– Geol. Rdschau., 87, 644–657.
GAWLICK, H.-J., SUZUKI, H. & MISSONI, S. (2001): Nachweis von unterliassischen Beckensedimenten in Hallstätter Fazies (Dürrnberg-Formation) im Bereich der Hallein – Berchtesgadener Hallstätter Zone und des Lammer Beckens (Hettangium – Sinemurium).– Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Geologie- und Bergbaustudenten in Österreich, 45, 39–55.
GAWLICK, H.-J., SCHLAGINTWEIT, F. & SUZUKI, H. (2007): The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sedimentary succession of the Höherstein-Sandling area (Salzkammergut, Austria) – implications for the reconstruction of the block puzzle in the central Northern Calcareous Alps, the structure and evolution of the radiolaritic flysch basins and of the Plassen carbonate platform.– Neues Jahrb. Geol. P.-A., 243/1, 1–70. http://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0243-0001
GAWLICK, H.-J., FRISCH, W., HOXHA, L., DUMITRICA, P., KRYSTYN, L., LEIN, R., MISSONI, S. & SCHLAGINTWEIT, F. (2008): Mirdita Zone ophiolites and associated sediments in Albania reveal Neotethys Ocean origin.– Int. J. Earth Sci., 97, 865–881. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-007-0193-z
GAWLICK, H.-J., MISSONI, S., SCHLAGINTWEIT, F., SUZUKI, H., FRISCH, W., KRYSTYN, L., BLAU, J. & LEIN, R. (2009): Jurassic Tectonostratigraphy of the Austroalpine Domain.– Journal of Alpine Geology, 50, 1–152.
GAWLICK, H.-J., MISSONI, S., SCHLAGINTWEIT, F. & SUZUKI, H. (2012): Jurassic active continental margin deep-water basin and carbonate platform formation in the north-western Tethyan realm (Austria, Germany).– Journal of Alpine Geology, 54, 189–292.
GAWLICK, H.-J., MISSONI, S., SUDAR, M.N., GORICAN, S., LEIN, R., STANZEL, A.I. & JOVANOVIC, D. (2017): Open-marine Hallstatt Limestones reworked in the Jurassic Zlatar Mélange (SW Serbia): a contribution to understanding the orogenic evolution of the Inner Dinarides.– Facies, 63, 29. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-017-0507-y
GAWLICK, H.-J., MISSONI, S., SUDAR, M.N., SUZUKI, H., MERES, S., LEIN, R. & JOVANOVIC, D. (2018): The Jurassic Hallstatt Mélange of the Inner Dinarides (SW Serbia): implications for Triassic-Jurassic geodynamic and palaeogeographic reconstructions of the Western Tethyan
Realm.– Neues Jahrb. Geol. P.-A., 288/1, 1–47. http://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2018/0721
GOLEBIOWSKI, R. (1990): The Alpine Kössen Formation, a Key for European Topmost Triassic Correlations. A Sequence- and Ecostratigraphic Contribution to the Norian-Rhaetian Discussion.– Albertiana, 8, 25–35.
GOLEBIOWSKI, R. (1991): Becken und Riffe der alpinen Obertrias – Lithostratigraphie und Biofazies der Kössener Formation.– In: NAGEL, D. & RABEDER, G. (eds.): Exkursionen im Jungpaläozoikum und Mesozoikums Österreichs. Österreichische Paläontologische Gesellschaft, Wien, 79–119.
GORIČAN, Š., ŠMUC, A. & BAUMGARTNER, P.O. (2003): Toarcian Radiolaria from Mt. Mangart (Slovenian-Italian border) and their paleoecological implications.– Mar. Micropaleontol., 49, 275–301. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(03)00034-3
GORIČAN, Š., CARTER, E.S., DUMITRICA, P., WHALEN, P.A., HORI, R.S., DE WEVER, P., O’DOGHERTY, L., MATSUOKA, A. & GUEX, J. (2006): Catalogue and systematics of Pliensbachian, Toarcian and Aalenian radiolarian genera and species.– ZRC Publishing, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, 446 pp.
GORIČAN, Š., CARTER, E.S., GUEX, J., O’DOGHERTY, L., DE WEVER, P., DUMITRICA, P., HORI, R.S., MATSUOKA, A. & WHALEN, P.A. (2013): Evolutionary patterns and paleobiogeography of Pliensbachian and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) Radiolaria.– Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. Palaeoec.,
386, 620–636. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.028
GUEX, J., BARTOLINI, A., ATUDOREL, V. & TAYLOR, D. (2004): High resolution ammonite and carbon isotope stratigraphy across the Triassic– Jurassic boundary at New York canyon (Nevada).– Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 225, 29–41. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.06.006
HANDY, M.R., SCHMID, S.M., BOUSQUET, R., KISSLING, E. & BERNOULLI, D. (2010): Reconciling plate-tectonic reconstructions of Alpine Tethys with the geological-geophysical record of spreading and subduction in the Alps.– Earth-Sci. Rev., 102, 121–158. http://doi.org/10.1016/ j.earscirev.2010.06.002
HILLEBRANDT, A.v. & KRYSTYN, L. (2009): On the oldest Jurassic ammonites of Europe (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria) and their global significance.– Neues Jahrb. Geol. P.-A., 253, 163–195. http://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0253-0163
HUBBARD, R.N.B.L. & BOUTLER, M.C. (2000): Phytogeography and palaeoecology in Western Europe and Eastern Greenland near the Triassic–Jurassic boundary.– Palaios, 15, 120–131.
JANÁK, M., FROITZHEIM, N., LUPTÁK, B., VRABEC, M. & KROGH RAVNA, E.J. (2004): First evidence for ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism of eclogites in Pohorje, Slovenia: Tracing deep continental subduction in the Eastern Alps.– Tectonics, 23/5, TC5014. http://doi.org/10.1029/2004TC001641
KIRCHNER, E.CH. (1980): Natriumabphibole und Natriumpyroxene als Mineralneubildungen in Sedimenten und basichen Vulkaniten aus dem Permoskyth der Nörlichen Kalkalpen.– Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 1980/3, 249–279.
KOZUR, H. & MOSTLER, H. (1990): Saturnaliacea Deflandre and some other stratigraphically important Radiolaria from the Hettangian of Lenggries/Isar (Bavaria, Northern Calcareous Alps).– Geologisch Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 17, 179–248.
KRISCHE, O. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2015): Age and significance of Lower Cretaceous mass flows: Ischler Breccia revisited (Rossfeld Formation, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria).– Austrian J. Earth Sc., 108, 128–150. http://doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2015.0017
KRISCHE, O., SUZUKI, H. & GAWLICK H.-J. (2013a): Mikrofazies und Radiolarienfauna der Saccocoma-Kalke in der westlichen Weitenau (Hochreith Einheit) [Nördliche Kalkalpen, Salzburg]: Neue Daten zur Platznahme der Alpinen Haselgebirge Mélange.– Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 153/1–4, 75–96.
KRISCHE, O., BUJTOR, L. & GAWLICK H.-J. (2013b): Calpionellid and ammonite biostratigraphy of uppermost Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks from the Leube quarry (Northern Calcareous Alps, Salzburg, Austria).– Austrian J. Earth Sc., 106/1, 26–45.
KRISCHE, O., GORIČAN, Š. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2014): Erosion of a Jurassic ophiolitic nappe-stack as indicated by exotic components in the Lower Cretaceous Rossfeld Formation of the central Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria).– Geol. Carpath., 65, 3–24. http://doi.org/10.2478/geoca-2014-0001
KRISCHE, O., GRABOWSKI, J., BUJTOR, L. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2018): Latest Jurassic to Early Cretaceous evolution in the central Northern Calcarous Alps.– Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 126, 223–258.
KRYSTYN, L. (2008): The Hallstatt pelagics – Norian and Rhaetian Fossillagerstaetten of Hallstatt.– Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, Wien, 86, 81–98.
LEIN, R. (1987): Evolution of the Northern Calcareous Alps during Triassic times.– In: FLÜGEL, H.W. & FAUPL, P. (eds.): Geodynamics of the Eastern Alps. Deuticke, Wien, 85–102.
LINZER, H.-G., RATSCHBACHER, L. & FRISCH, W. (1995): Transpressional collision structures in the upper crust: the fold-thrust belt of the Northern Calcareous Alps.– Tectonophysics, 242/1–2, 41–61. http://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)00152-Y
MISSONI, S. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2011a): Evidence for Jurassic subduction from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Berchtesgaden; Austroalpine, Germany).– Int. J. Earth Sci., 100, 1605–1631. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0552-z
MISSONI, S. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2011b): Jurassic mountain building and Mesozoic- Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Northern Calcareous Alps as proven in the Berchtesgaden Alps (Germany).– Facies, 57/1, 137–186. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-010-0225-1
MISSONI, S., SCHLAGINTWEIT, F., SUZUKI, H. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2001): Die oberjurassische Karbonatplattformentwicklung im Bereich der Berchtesgadener Kalkalpen (Deutschland) – eine Rekonstruktion auf der Basis von Untersuchungen polymikter Brekzienkörper in pelagischen Kieselsedimenten (Sillenkopf-Formation).– Zbl. Geol. Paläont., 2000/1/2, 117–143.
NEUBAUER, F., FRIEDL, G., GENSER, J., HANDLER, R., MADER, D. & SCHNEIDER, D. (2007): Origin and tectonic evolution of Eastern Alps deduced from dating of detrital white mica: a review.– Austrian J. Earth Sc., 100, 8–23.
O’DOGHERTY, L. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2008): Pliensbachian radiolarians in Teltschengraben (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria): a keystone in reconstructing the Early Jurassic evolution of the Tethys.– Stratigraphy, 5, 63–81. http://doi.org/10.29041/strat.05.1.05
O'DOGHERTY, L., GORIČAN, Š. & DE WEVER, P. (2009): Catalogue of Mesozoic radiolarian genera: part 2, Jurassic-Cretaceous.– Geodiversitas, 31, 271–356. http://doi.org/10.5252/g2009n2a4
PÁLFY, J. (2008): Triassic-Jurassic boundary.– In: MCCANN, T. (Ed.): The Geology of Central Europe. Volume 2: Mesozoic and Cenozoic, Geological Society, London, 826–827.
PESSAGNO, E.A. JR. & POISSON, A. (1981): Lower Jurassic Radiolaria from the Gümüslü allochton of southwestern Turkey (Taurides occidentales).– Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, 92, 47–69.
PLÖCHINGER, B. (1974): Gravitativ transportiertes Permisches Haselgebirge in den Oberalmer Schichten (Tithonium, Salzburg).– Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 1974/1, 71–88.
PLÖCHINGER, B. (1976): Die Oberalmer Schichten und die Platznahme der Hallstätter Masse in der Zone Hallein-Berchtesgaden.– Neues Jahrb. Geol. P.-A., 151/3, 304–324.
PLÖCHINGER, B. (1979): Argumente für die intramalmische Eingleitung von Hallstätter Schollen bei Golling (Salzburg).– Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 1979/2, 181–194.
PLÖCHINGER, B. (1987): Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich 1:50.000, Blatt 94 Hallein.– Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien.
PLÖCHINGER, B. (1990): Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich 1:50.000, Erläuterungen zu Blatt 94 Hallein.– Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien, 1–76.
PUEYO, E.L., MAURITSCH, H.J., GAWLICK, H.-J., SCHOLGER, R. & FRISCH, W. (2007): New evidence for block and thrust sheet rotations in the central northern Calcareous Alps deduced from two pervasive remagnetization events.– Tectonics, 26/5, TC5011. http://doi.org/10.1029/2006TC001965
RATSCHBACHER, L., FRISCH, W., LINZER, H.-G. & OLIVIER, M. (1991): Lateral extrusion in the eastern Alps, Part 2: Structural analysis.– Tectonics, 10/2, 257–1991. http://doi.org/10.1029/90TC02623
SCHLAGINTWEIT, F., GAWLICK, H.-J., EBLI, O., RÜNSTLER, H. & SUZUKI, H. (2003): Die Plassen-Formation (Kimmeridgium) des Krahstein (Steirisches Salzkammergut, Österreich) und deren Unterlagerung: neue Daten zur Fazies, Biostratigraphie und Sedimentologie.– Gmundner Geo--Studien, 2, 87–96.
SCHMID, S.M., FÜGENSCHUH, B., KISSLING, E. & SCHUSTER, R. (2004): Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen.– Eclogae Geol. Helv., 97, 93–117. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-004-1113-x
SCHMID, S.M., BERNOULLI, D., FÜGENSCHUH, B., MATENCO, L., SCHEFER, S., SCHUSTER, R., TISCHLER, M. & USTASZEWSKI, K. (2008): The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaride-orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units.– Swiss J. Geosci., 101, 139–183.
SCHORN, A. & NEUBAUER, F. (2011): Emplacement of an evaporitic mélange nappe in central Northern Calcareous Alps: evidence from the Moosegg klippe (Austria).– Austrian J. Earth Sc., 104/2, 22–46.
SCHORN, A., NEUBAUER, F., GENSER, J. & BERNROIDER, M. (2013): The Haselgebirge evaporitic mélange in central Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria): Part of the Permian to Lower Triassic rift of the Meliata ocean?– Tectonophysics, 583, 28–48. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.10.016
SEPKOSKI, J.J., Jr. (1996): Patterns of Phanerozoic extinction: a perspective from global databases.– In: WALLISER, O.H. (Ed.): Global events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic, 35–51. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
SPÖTL, CH., LONGSTAFFE, F.J., RAMSEYER, K., KUNKS, M.J. & WIESHEU, R. (1998): Fluid-rock reactions in an evaporitic mélange, Permian Haselgebirge, Austrian Alps.– Sedimentology, 45, 1019–1044. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.1998.00188.x
STEIGER, T. & WURM, D. (1980): Faziesmuster oberjurassischer Plattform- Karbonate (Plassen-Kalke, Nördliche Kalkaplen, Steirisches Salzkammergut, Österreich).– Facies, 2, 241–284.
TEKIN, U.K. (2002): Lower Jurassic (Hettangian–Sinemurian) radiolarians from the Antalya Nappes, Central Taurids, Southern Turkey.– Micropaleontology, 48, 177–205. http://doi.org/10.1661/0026-2803(2002)048[0177:LJHSRF]2.0.CO;2
TEKIN, U.K., KRYSTYN, L., OKUYUCU, C., BEDI, Y. & SAYIT, K. (2020): Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys.– Geodiversitas, 42/27, 493–537. http://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a27
TOLLMANN, A. (1977): Geologie von Österreich, Band 1. Deuticke, 766 pp, Wien.
TOLLMANN, A. (1985): Geologie von Österreich, Band 2: Außerzentralalpiner Anteil. Deuticke, 1–710, Wien.
VON EYNATTEN, H. & GAUPP, R. (1999): Provenance of Cretaceous synorogenic sandstones in the Eastern Alps: constraints from framework petrography, heavy mineral analysis and mineral chemistry.– Sediment. Geol., 124/1–4, 81–111. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00122-5
VON EYNATTEN, H., GAUPP, R. & WIJBRANS, J.R. (1996): 40Ar/39Ar laser-probe dating of detrital white micas from Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Eastern Alps: Evidence for Variscan high-pressure metamorphism and implications for Alpine orogeny.– Geology, 24/8, 691–694. http://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0691:AALPDO>2.3.CO;2
BERTINELLI, A. & MARCUCCI, M. (2011): Middle and Late Hettangian radiolarians from Mt. Camicia succession (Gran Sasso, Central Apennines – Italy).– Riv. Ital. Paleontol. S., 117, 399–421. https://doi.org/10.13130/2039-4942/5983
BÖHM, F. (1992): Mikrofazies und Ablagerungsmilieu des Lias und Dogger der Nordöstlichen Kalkalpen.– Erlanger Geologische Abhandlungen, 121, 55–217.
BRAGIN, N., LEDNEVA, G., BRAGINA, L., TSIOLAKIS, E., SYMEOU, V. & PAPADIMITRIOU, N. (2022): The radiolarian age and petrographic composition of a block of the Lower Jurassic volcaniclastic breccia and chert of the Mamonia Complex, SW Cyprus.– Geol. Croat., 75/1, 115–128. https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.07
BUJTOR, L., KRISCHE, O. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2013): Late Berriasian ammonite assemblage and biostratigraphy of the Leube quarry near Salzburg (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria).– N. Jb. Geol. Pal. Abh., 267, 273–295. http://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0309
CARTER, E.S., CAMERON, B.E.B. & SMITH, P.L. (1988): Lower and Middle Jurassic radiolarian biostratigraphy and systematic paleontology, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.– Geol. Surv. Can., Bull., 386, 1–109.
CARTER, E.S., GORIČAN, Š., GUEX, J., O´DOGHERTY, L., DE WEVER, P., DUMITRICA, P., HORI, R.S., MATSUOKA, A. & WHALEN, P.A. (2010): Global radiolarian zonation for the Pliensbachian, Toarcian and Aalenian.– Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. Palaeoec., 297, 401–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.024
CHIARI, M., BAUMGARTNER, P.O., BERNOULLI, D., BORTOLLI, V., MARCUCCI, M., PHOTIADES, A. & PRINCIPI, G. (2013): Late Triassic, Early and Middle Jurassic Radiolaria from ferromanganese-chert ‘nodules’ (Angelokastron, Argolis, Greece): evidence for prolonged radiolarite sedimentation in the Maliac-Vardar Ocean.– Facies, 59, 391–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-012-0314-4
CIFER, T. & GORIČAN, Š. (2023a): Late Sinemurian and Early Pliensbachian Radiolaria from Mount Rettenstein (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). Part 1. Nassellaria.– Rev. Micropaleontol., 79, 100717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmic.2023.100717
CIFER, T. & GORIČAN, Š. (2023b): Late Sinemurian and Early Pliensbachian Radiolaria from Mount Rettenstein (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). Part 2. Entactinaria and Spumellaria.– Rev. Micropaleontol., 81, 100752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmic.2023.100752
CIFER, T., GORIČAN, Š., GAWLICK, H.-J. & AUER, M. (2020): Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria.– Acta Palaeontol. Pol., 65/1, 167–207. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00618.2019
CIFER, T., GORIČAN, Š., AUER, M., DEMÉNY, A., FRAGUAS, Á., GAWLICK, H.-J. & RIECHELMANN, S. (2022): Integrated stratigraphy (radiolarians, calcareous nannofossils, carbon and strontium isotopes) of the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian transition at Mt. Rettenstein, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria.– Global Planet. Change, 212, 103811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.103811
DE WEVER, P. (1981a): Hagiastridae, Patulibracchiidae et Spongodiscidae (radiolaires polycystines) du Lias de Turquie.– Rev. Micropaleontol., 24, 27–50.
DE WEVER, P. (1981b): Parasaturnalidae, Pantanellidae et Sponguridae (radiolaires polycystynes) du Lias de Turquie.– Rev. Micropaleontol., 24, 138–156.
DE WEVER, P. (1982a): Nassellaria (radiolaires polycystines) du Lias de Turquie.– Rev. Micropaleontol., 24, 189–232.
DE WEVER, P. (1982b): Radiolaires du Trias et du Lias de la Tethys (Systématique, Stratigraphie).– Société Géologique du Nord, Publication, 7, 1–599.
FAUPL, P. & WAGREICH, M. (2000): Late Jurassic to Eocene palaeogeography and geodynamic evolution of the Eastern Alps.– Mitt. Osterr. Geol. G., 92, 79–194.
FESTA, A., PINI, G.A., DILEK, Y., OGATA, K. & ALONSO, J.L. (2016): Origin and significance of olistostromes in the evolution of orogenic belts: A global synthesis. Gondwana Res., 39, 180–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.08.002
FRISCH, W. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2003): The nappe structure of the central Northern Calcareous Alps and its disintegration during Miocene tectonic extrusion – a contribution to understanding the orogenic evolution of the Eastern Alps.– Int. J. Earth. Sci., 92, 712–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00531-003-0357-4
GAWLICK, H.-J. & MISSONI, S. (2013): Field Trip B2: Triassic to Early Cretaceous geodynamic history of the central Northern Calcareous Alps (Northwestern Tethyan realm).– Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 99, 216–270, Wien.
GAWLICK, H.-J. & MISSONI, S. (2019): Middle-Late Jurassic sedimentary mélange formation related to ophiolite obduction in the Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic Mountain Range.– Gondwana Res., 74, 144–172. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.03.003
GAWLICK, H.-J. & SCHLAGINTWEIT, F. (2006): Berriasian drowning of the Plassen carbonate platform at the type-locality and its bearing on the early Eoalpine orogenic dynamics in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria).– Int. J. Earth. Sci., 95, 451–462. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-005-0048-4
GAWLICK, H.-J., FRISCH, W., VECSEI, A., STEIGER, T. & BÖHM, F. (1999): The change from rifting to thrusting in the Northern Calcareous Alps as recorded in Jurassic sediments.– Geol. Rdschau., 87, 644–657.
GAWLICK, H.-J., SUZUKI, H. & MISSONI, S. (2001): Nachweis von unterliassischen Beckensedimenten in Hallstätter Fazies (Dürrnberg-Formation) im Bereich der Hallein – Berchtesgadener Hallstätter Zone und des Lammer Beckens (Hettangium – Sinemurium).– Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Geologie- und Bergbaustudenten in Österreich, 45, 39–55.
GAWLICK, H.-J., SCHLAGINTWEIT, F. & SUZUKI, H. (2007): The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sedimentary succession of the Höherstein-Sandling area (Salzkammergut, Austria) – implications for the reconstruction of the block puzzle in the central Northern Calcareous Alps, the structure and evolution of the radiolaritic flysch basins and of the Plassen carbonate platform.– Neues Jahrb. Geol. P.-A., 243/1, 1–70. http://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0243-0001
GAWLICK, H.-J., FRISCH, W., HOXHA, L., DUMITRICA, P., KRYSTYN, L., LEIN, R., MISSONI, S. & SCHLAGINTWEIT, F. (2008): Mirdita Zone ophiolites and associated sediments in Albania reveal Neotethys Ocean origin.– Int. J. Earth Sci., 97, 865–881. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-007-0193-z
GAWLICK, H.-J., MISSONI, S., SCHLAGINTWEIT, F., SUZUKI, H., FRISCH, W., KRYSTYN, L., BLAU, J. & LEIN, R. (2009): Jurassic Tectonostratigraphy of the Austroalpine Domain.– Journal of Alpine Geology, 50, 1–152.
GAWLICK, H.-J., MISSONI, S., SCHLAGINTWEIT, F. & SUZUKI, H. (2012): Jurassic active continental margin deep-water basin and carbonate platform formation in the north-western Tethyan realm (Austria, Germany).– Journal of Alpine Geology, 54, 189–292.
GAWLICK, H.-J., MISSONI, S., SUDAR, M.N., GORICAN, S., LEIN, R., STANZEL, A.I. & JOVANOVIC, D. (2017): Open-marine Hallstatt Limestones reworked in the Jurassic Zlatar Mélange (SW Serbia): a contribution to understanding the orogenic evolution of the Inner Dinarides.– Facies, 63, 29. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-017-0507-y
GAWLICK, H.-J., MISSONI, S., SUDAR, M.N., SUZUKI, H., MERES, S., LEIN, R. & JOVANOVIC, D. (2018): The Jurassic Hallstatt Mélange of the Inner Dinarides (SW Serbia): implications for Triassic-Jurassic geodynamic and palaeogeographic reconstructions of the Western Tethyan
Realm.– Neues Jahrb. Geol. P.-A., 288/1, 1–47. http://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2018/0721
GOLEBIOWSKI, R. (1990): The Alpine Kössen Formation, a Key for European Topmost Triassic Correlations. A Sequence- and Ecostratigraphic Contribution to the Norian-Rhaetian Discussion.– Albertiana, 8, 25–35.
GOLEBIOWSKI, R. (1991): Becken und Riffe der alpinen Obertrias – Lithostratigraphie und Biofazies der Kössener Formation.– In: NAGEL, D. & RABEDER, G. (eds.): Exkursionen im Jungpaläozoikum und Mesozoikums Österreichs. Österreichische Paläontologische Gesellschaft, Wien, 79–119.
GORIČAN, Š., ŠMUC, A. & BAUMGARTNER, P.O. (2003): Toarcian Radiolaria from Mt. Mangart (Slovenian-Italian border) and their paleoecological implications.– Mar. Micropaleontol., 49, 275–301. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(03)00034-3
GORIČAN, Š., CARTER, E.S., DUMITRICA, P., WHALEN, P.A., HORI, R.S., DE WEVER, P., O’DOGHERTY, L., MATSUOKA, A. & GUEX, J. (2006): Catalogue and systematics of Pliensbachian, Toarcian and Aalenian radiolarian genera and species.– ZRC Publishing, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, 446 pp.
GORIČAN, Š., CARTER, E.S., GUEX, J., O’DOGHERTY, L., DE WEVER, P., DUMITRICA, P., HORI, R.S., MATSUOKA, A. & WHALEN, P.A. (2013): Evolutionary patterns and paleobiogeography of Pliensbachian and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) Radiolaria.– Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. Palaeoec.,
386, 620–636. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.028
GUEX, J., BARTOLINI, A., ATUDOREL, V. & TAYLOR, D. (2004): High resolution ammonite and carbon isotope stratigraphy across the Triassic– Jurassic boundary at New York canyon (Nevada).– Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 225, 29–41. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.06.006
HANDY, M.R., SCHMID, S.M., BOUSQUET, R., KISSLING, E. & BERNOULLI, D. (2010): Reconciling plate-tectonic reconstructions of Alpine Tethys with the geological-geophysical record of spreading and subduction in the Alps.– Earth-Sci. Rev., 102, 121–158. http://doi.org/10.1016/ j.earscirev.2010.06.002
HILLEBRANDT, A.v. & KRYSTYN, L. (2009): On the oldest Jurassic ammonites of Europe (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria) and their global significance.– Neues Jahrb. Geol. P.-A., 253, 163–195. http://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0253-0163
HUBBARD, R.N.B.L. & BOUTLER, M.C. (2000): Phytogeography and palaeoecology in Western Europe and Eastern Greenland near the Triassic–Jurassic boundary.– Palaios, 15, 120–131.
JANÁK, M., FROITZHEIM, N., LUPTÁK, B., VRABEC, M. & KROGH RAVNA, E.J. (2004): First evidence for ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism of eclogites in Pohorje, Slovenia: Tracing deep continental subduction in the Eastern Alps.– Tectonics, 23/5, TC5014. http://doi.org/10.1029/2004TC001641
KIRCHNER, E.CH. (1980): Natriumabphibole und Natriumpyroxene als Mineralneubildungen in Sedimenten und basichen Vulkaniten aus dem Permoskyth der Nörlichen Kalkalpen.– Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 1980/3, 249–279.
KOZUR, H. & MOSTLER, H. (1990): Saturnaliacea Deflandre and some other stratigraphically important Radiolaria from the Hettangian of Lenggries/Isar (Bavaria, Northern Calcareous Alps).– Geologisch Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 17, 179–248.
KRISCHE, O. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2015): Age and significance of Lower Cretaceous mass flows: Ischler Breccia revisited (Rossfeld Formation, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria).– Austrian J. Earth Sc., 108, 128–150. http://doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2015.0017
KRISCHE, O., SUZUKI, H. & GAWLICK H.-J. (2013a): Mikrofazies und Radiolarienfauna der Saccocoma-Kalke in der westlichen Weitenau (Hochreith Einheit) [Nördliche Kalkalpen, Salzburg]: Neue Daten zur Platznahme der Alpinen Haselgebirge Mélange.– Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 153/1–4, 75–96.
KRISCHE, O., BUJTOR, L. & GAWLICK H.-J. (2013b): Calpionellid and ammonite biostratigraphy of uppermost Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks from the Leube quarry (Northern Calcareous Alps, Salzburg, Austria).– Austrian J. Earth Sc., 106/1, 26–45.
KRISCHE, O., GORIČAN, Š. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2014): Erosion of a Jurassic ophiolitic nappe-stack as indicated by exotic components in the Lower Cretaceous Rossfeld Formation of the central Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria).– Geol. Carpath., 65, 3–24. http://doi.org/10.2478/geoca-2014-0001
KRISCHE, O., GRABOWSKI, J., BUJTOR, L. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2018): Latest Jurassic to Early Cretaceous evolution in the central Northern Calcarous Alps.– Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 126, 223–258.
KRYSTYN, L. (2008): The Hallstatt pelagics – Norian and Rhaetian Fossillagerstaetten of Hallstatt.– Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, Wien, 86, 81–98.
LEIN, R. (1987): Evolution of the Northern Calcareous Alps during Triassic times.– In: FLÜGEL, H.W. & FAUPL, P. (eds.): Geodynamics of the Eastern Alps. Deuticke, Wien, 85–102.
LINZER, H.-G., RATSCHBACHER, L. & FRISCH, W. (1995): Transpressional collision structures in the upper crust: the fold-thrust belt of the Northern Calcareous Alps.– Tectonophysics, 242/1–2, 41–61. http://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)00152-Y
MISSONI, S. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2011a): Evidence for Jurassic subduction from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Berchtesgaden; Austroalpine, Germany).– Int. J. Earth Sci., 100, 1605–1631. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0552-z
MISSONI, S. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2011b): Jurassic mountain building and Mesozoic- Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Northern Calcareous Alps as proven in the Berchtesgaden Alps (Germany).– Facies, 57/1, 137–186. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-010-0225-1
MISSONI, S., SCHLAGINTWEIT, F., SUZUKI, H. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2001): Die oberjurassische Karbonatplattformentwicklung im Bereich der Berchtesgadener Kalkalpen (Deutschland) – eine Rekonstruktion auf der Basis von Untersuchungen polymikter Brekzienkörper in pelagischen Kieselsedimenten (Sillenkopf-Formation).– Zbl. Geol. Paläont., 2000/1/2, 117–143.
NEUBAUER, F., FRIEDL, G., GENSER, J., HANDLER, R., MADER, D. & SCHNEIDER, D. (2007): Origin and tectonic evolution of Eastern Alps deduced from dating of detrital white mica: a review.– Austrian J. Earth Sc., 100, 8–23.
O’DOGHERTY, L. & GAWLICK, H.-J. (2008): Pliensbachian radiolarians in Teltschengraben (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria): a keystone in reconstructing the Early Jurassic evolution of the Tethys.– Stratigraphy, 5, 63–81. http://doi.org/10.29041/strat.05.1.05
O'DOGHERTY, L., GORIČAN, Š. & DE WEVER, P. (2009): Catalogue of Mesozoic radiolarian genera: part 2, Jurassic-Cretaceous.– Geodiversitas, 31, 271–356. http://doi.org/10.5252/g2009n2a4
PÁLFY, J. (2008): Triassic-Jurassic boundary.– In: MCCANN, T. (Ed.): The Geology of Central Europe. Volume 2: Mesozoic and Cenozoic, Geological Society, London, 826–827.
PESSAGNO, E.A. JR. & POISSON, A. (1981): Lower Jurassic Radiolaria from the Gümüslü allochton of southwestern Turkey (Taurides occidentales).– Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, 92, 47–69.
PLÖCHINGER, B. (1974): Gravitativ transportiertes Permisches Haselgebirge in den Oberalmer Schichten (Tithonium, Salzburg).– Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 1974/1, 71–88.
PLÖCHINGER, B. (1976): Die Oberalmer Schichten und die Platznahme der Hallstätter Masse in der Zone Hallein-Berchtesgaden.– Neues Jahrb. Geol. P.-A., 151/3, 304–324.
PLÖCHINGER, B. (1979): Argumente für die intramalmische Eingleitung von Hallstätter Schollen bei Golling (Salzburg).– Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 1979/2, 181–194.
PLÖCHINGER, B. (1987): Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich 1:50.000, Blatt 94 Hallein.– Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien.
PLÖCHINGER, B. (1990): Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich 1:50.000, Erläuterungen zu Blatt 94 Hallein.– Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien, 1–76.
PUEYO, E.L., MAURITSCH, H.J., GAWLICK, H.-J., SCHOLGER, R. & FRISCH, W. (2007): New evidence for block and thrust sheet rotations in the central northern Calcareous Alps deduced from two pervasive remagnetization events.– Tectonics, 26/5, TC5011. http://doi.org/10.1029/2006TC001965
RATSCHBACHER, L., FRISCH, W., LINZER, H.-G. & OLIVIER, M. (1991): Lateral extrusion in the eastern Alps, Part 2: Structural analysis.– Tectonics, 10/2, 257–1991. http://doi.org/10.1029/90TC02623
SCHLAGINTWEIT, F., GAWLICK, H.-J., EBLI, O., RÜNSTLER, H. & SUZUKI, H. (2003): Die Plassen-Formation (Kimmeridgium) des Krahstein (Steirisches Salzkammergut, Österreich) und deren Unterlagerung: neue Daten zur Fazies, Biostratigraphie und Sedimentologie.– Gmundner Geo--Studien, 2, 87–96.
SCHMID, S.M., FÜGENSCHUH, B., KISSLING, E. & SCHUSTER, R. (2004): Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen.– Eclogae Geol. Helv., 97, 93–117. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-004-1113-x
SCHMID, S.M., BERNOULLI, D., FÜGENSCHUH, B., MATENCO, L., SCHEFER, S., SCHUSTER, R., TISCHLER, M. & USTASZEWSKI, K. (2008): The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaride-orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units.– Swiss J. Geosci., 101, 139–183.
SCHORN, A. & NEUBAUER, F. (2011): Emplacement of an evaporitic mélange nappe in central Northern Calcareous Alps: evidence from the Moosegg klippe (Austria).– Austrian J. Earth Sc., 104/2, 22–46.
SCHORN, A., NEUBAUER, F., GENSER, J. & BERNROIDER, M. (2013): The Haselgebirge evaporitic mélange in central Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria): Part of the Permian to Lower Triassic rift of the Meliata ocean?– Tectonophysics, 583, 28–48. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.10.016
SEPKOSKI, J.J., Jr. (1996): Patterns of Phanerozoic extinction: a perspective from global databases.– In: WALLISER, O.H. (Ed.): Global events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic, 35–51. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
SPÖTL, CH., LONGSTAFFE, F.J., RAMSEYER, K., KUNKS, M.J. & WIESHEU, R. (1998): Fluid-rock reactions in an evaporitic mélange, Permian Haselgebirge, Austrian Alps.– Sedimentology, 45, 1019–1044. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.1998.00188.x
STEIGER, T. & WURM, D. (1980): Faziesmuster oberjurassischer Plattform- Karbonate (Plassen-Kalke, Nördliche Kalkaplen, Steirisches Salzkammergut, Österreich).– Facies, 2, 241–284.
TEKIN, U.K. (2002): Lower Jurassic (Hettangian–Sinemurian) radiolarians from the Antalya Nappes, Central Taurids, Southern Turkey.– Micropaleontology, 48, 177–205. http://doi.org/10.1661/0026-2803(2002)048[0177:LJHSRF]2.0.CO;2
TEKIN, U.K., KRYSTYN, L., OKUYUCU, C., BEDI, Y. & SAYIT, K. (2020): Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys.– Geodiversitas, 42/27, 493–537. http://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a27
TOLLMANN, A. (1977): Geologie von Österreich, Band 1. Deuticke, 766 pp, Wien.
TOLLMANN, A. (1985): Geologie von Österreich, Band 2: Außerzentralalpiner Anteil. Deuticke, 1–710, Wien.
VON EYNATTEN, H. & GAUPP, R. (1999): Provenance of Cretaceous synorogenic sandstones in the Eastern Alps: constraints from framework petrography, heavy mineral analysis and mineral chemistry.– Sediment. Geol., 124/1–4, 81–111. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00122-5
VON EYNATTEN, H., GAUPP, R. & WIJBRANS, J.R. (1996): 40Ar/39Ar laser-probe dating of detrital white micas from Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Eastern Alps: Evidence for Variscan high-pressure metamorphism and implications for Alpine orogeny.– Geology, 24/8, 691–694. http://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0691:AALPDO>2.3.CO;2