First Rock Magnetic and Palaeomagnetic Analyses of the Pre-Cenozoic Rocks of the Velebit Mt. (Croatia): Prospects for Applications in Palaeogeographic and Geotectonic Studies
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Keywords:
Palaeomagnetism, Rock magnetism, Karst Dinarides, Adria, Velebit Mt., Croatia
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Abstract
Post-Carboniferous deposits of the Karst Dinarides were analysed in terms of their palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic properties in order to identify the best sections for comprehensive palaeomagnetic studies on geodynamic and palaeogeographic evolution of this mountain belt. A total of eighteen reconnaissance rock samples have been collected from the Permian red beds and limestones, and limestones of Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Eocene age, mainly from the Velebit Mt., part of the Dinaric orogenic belt finally uplifted in Oligocene–Miocene, and stretching NW–SE along the NE Adriatic coast. Experimental studies comprised identification of potential carriers of a natural remanent magnetization (NRM) by means of their properties of Curie temperature and coercivity accompanied by SEM and microprobe studies, demagnetization of standard palaeomagnetic specimens by means of alternating field and thermal cleaning, as well as measurement and analysis of magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy. Haematite (in Permian red beds) and Ti-magnetite (in limestones) and sporadically goethite have been identified as remanence carriers. State of preservation, ascertained by SEM observations, suggests detrital origin of NRM in most of the samples. Characteristic NRM components (ChRM), both of high coercivity and unblocking temperatures, could be clearly identified in most of the specimens. These components show smeared distribution on the sphere and do not cluster around any known palaeomagnetic direction expected for the Velebit area from apparent polar wander paths, neither for Eurasia nor for Africa. This outcome suggests lack of overall remagnetization of the studied part of the Karst Dinarides after the last tectonic event and/or important contribution from tectonic rotations to the observed pattern of ChRM distribution.
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References
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MUTTONI, G., ERBA, E., KENT, D.V. & BACHTADSE, V. (2005): Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion.– Nature, 434 (7029), 59–63.
NEUGEBAUER, J., GREINER, B. & APPEL, E. (2001): Kinematics of the Alpine–West Carpathian orogen and palaeogeographic implica-tions.– J. Geol. Soc. London, 158, 97–110.
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VAN DER VOO, R. (1993): Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys and Iapetus Oceans.– Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 411 p.
VAN DIJK, J.P. & SCHEEPERS, P.J.J. (1995): Neotectonic rotations in the Calabrian Arc: implications for a Pliocene–Recent geodynamic scenario for the Central Mediterranean.– Earth Sci. Rev., 39, 207–246.
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VELIĆ, I., VLAHOVIĆ, I. & MATIČEC, D. (2002): Depositional se-quences and palaeogeography of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform.– Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 57, 141–151.
VLAHOVIĆ, I., TIŠLJAR, J., VELIĆ, I. & MATIČEC, D. (2005): Evolution of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform: Palaeogeography, main events and depositional dynamics.– Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 220, 333–360.
BESSE, J. & COURTILLOT, V. (2002): Apparent and true polar wander and the geometry of the geomagnetic fi eld over the last 200 Myr.– J. Geophys. Res., 107, (B11), 2300, doi: 10.1029/2000JB000050
CHANNELL, J.E.T. (1996): Palaeomagnetism and palaeogeography of Adria.– In: MORRIS, A. & TARLING, D.H. (eds.): Palaeomagne-tism and Tectonics of the Mediterranean Region. Geological Soci-ety of London, Spec. Publicat., 105, 119–132.
CSONTOS, L. & VÖRÖS,A. (2004):Mesozoic plate tectonic recon-struction of the Carpathian region.– Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 210, 1–56.
DERCOURT, J., GAETANI, M., VRIELYNCK, B., BARRIER, E., BI-JU-DUVAL, B., BRUNET, M.F., CADET, J.P., CRASQUIN, S. & SANDULESCU, M. (eds.) (2000): Peri-Tethys palaeogeographical atlas.– Commision for the Geological Map of the World, Paris.
FISHER, R. (1953): Dispersion on the sphere.– Proc. R. Astron. Soc., A217, 295–305.FGI (1970): Geological Map of SFR Yugoslavia 1:500,000.– Federal Geological Institute, Beograd.
GOLONKA, J. (2000): Cambrian–Neogene plate tectonics maps.– Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków.
GRADSTEIN, F.M., OGG, J.G., SMITH, A.G., AGTERBERG, F.P., BLEEKER, W., COOPER, R.A., DAVYDOV, V., GIBBARD, P., HINNOV, L.A., HOUSE, M.R., LOURENS, L., LUTERBACHER, H.P., MCARTHUR, J., MELCHIN, M.J., ROBB, L.J., SHERGOLD, J., VILLENEUVE, M., WARDLAW, B.R., ALI, J., BRINKHUIS, H., HILGEN, F.J., HOOKER, J., HOWARTH, R.J., KNOLL, A.H., LASKAR, J., MONECHI, S., PLUMB, K.A., POWELL, J., RAFFI, I., RÖHL, U., SADLER, P., SANFILIPPO, A., SCHMITZ, B., SHACKLETON, N.J., SHIELDS, G.A., STRAUSS, H., VAN DAM, J., VAN KOLFSCHOTEN, T., VEIZER, J. & WILSON, D. (2004): A Geologic Time Scale 2004.– Cambridge University Press, 589 p.
HOUNSLOW, M.W. & MAHER, B.A. (1999): Laboratory procedures for quantitative extraction and analysis of magnetic minerals from sediments.– In: WALDEN, J., OLDFIELD, F. & SMITH, J. (eds.): Environmental Magnetism, A Practical Guide. Quaternary Research Association, Technical Guide, 6, 139–164.
JELINEK, V. (1981): Characterization of the magnetic fabric of rocks.– Tectonophys., 79, 63–67.
KIRSCHVINK, J.L. (1980): The least-square line and plane and the analysis of paleomagnetic data.– Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc., 62, 699–718.
KISSEL, C., SPERANZA, F. & MILIČEVIĆ, V. (1995): Paleomagne-tism of external southern and central Dinarides and northern Al-banides: implications for the Cenozoic activity of the Scutari–Peć transverse zone.– J. Geophys. Res., 100, 14999–15007.
LEWANDOWSKI, M., WERNER, T. & NOWOŻYŃSKI, K. (1997): PDA: a package of FORTRAN programs for paleomagnetic data analysis. Program Manual.– Inst. Geoph., Pol. Acad. Sc., Warsaw, Poland.
LEWANDOWSKI, M., KROBICKI, M., MATYJA, B.A. & WIERZ-BOWSKI, A. (2005): Palaeogeographic evolution of the Pieniny Klippen Basin using stratigraphic and paleomagnetic data from the Veliky Kamenets section (Carpathians, Ukraine).– Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 216, 53–72.
LOWRIE, W. (1990): Identifi cation of ferromagnetic minerals in a rock by coercivity and unblocking temperature properties.– Geophys. Res. Lett., 17/2, 159–162.
MÁRTON, E. & FODOR, L. (2003): Tertiary paleomagnetic results and structural analysis from the Transdanubian Range (Hungary): rotational disintegration of the Alcapa unit.– Tectonophys., 363, 201–224.
MÁRTON, E. & MILIČEVIĆ, V. (1994): Tectonically oriented paleo-magnetic investigation in the Dinarids, between Zadar and Split.– Geophys. Transact., 39/4, 227–232.
MÁRTON, E. & VELJOVIĆ, D. (1983): Paleomagnetism of the Istria peninsula, Yugoslavia.– Tectonophys., 91, 73–87.
MÁRTON, E., DROBNE, K., CIMERMAN, F., ĆOSOVIĆ, V. & KOŠIR, A. (1995): Paleomagnetism of latest Maastrichtian through Oli-gocene Rocks in Istria (Croatia), the Karst Region, and S of the Sava Fault (Slovenia).– First Croatian Geological Congress, Pro-ceedings, Institute of Geology, Zagreb, 2, 355–360.
MÁRTON, E., PAVELIĆ, D., TOMLJENOVIĆ, B., PAMIĆ, J. & MÁR-TON, P. (1999): First paleomagnetic results on Tertiary rocks from the Slavonian Mountains in the southern Pannonian Basin, Croatia.– Geol. Carpat., 50/3, 273–279.
MÁRTON, E., PAVELIĆ, D., TOMLJENOVIĆ, B., AVANIĆ, R., PAMIĆ, J. & MÁRTON, P. (2002): In the wake of a counterclockwise rotat-ing Adriatic microplate: Neogene paleomagnetic results from north-ern Croatia.– Int. J. Earth Sci. 91, 514–523.
MÁRTON, E., DROBNE, K., ĆOSOVIĆ, V. & MORO, A. (2003): Pale-omagnetic evidence for Tertiary counterclockwise rotation of Adria.– Tectonophys., 377, 143–156.
MÁRTON, E., JELEN, B., TOMLJENOVIĆ, B., PAVELIĆ, D., POLJAK, M., MÁRTON, P., AVANIĆ, R. & PAMIĆ, J. (2006): Late Neogene counterclockwise rotation in the SW corner of the Pannonian Basin.– Geol. Carpat., 57/1, 41–46.
MÁRTON, E., ĆOSOVIĆ, V., MORO, A. & ZVOCAK, S. (2008): The motion of Adria during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous: New paleo-magnetic results from stable Istria.– Tectonophys., 454, 44–53.
MAURITSCH, H.J., SCHOLGER, R., BUSHATI, S.L. & RAMIZ, H. (1995): Palaeomagnetic results from southern Albania and their sig-nifi cance for the geodynamic evolution of the Dinarides, Albanides and Hellenides.– Tectonophys., 242, 5–18.
MUTTONI, G., ERBA, E., KENT, D.V. & BACHTADSE, V. (2005): Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion.– Nature, 434 (7029), 59–63.
NEUGEBAUER, J., GREINER, B. & APPEL, E. (2001): Kinematics of the Alpine–West Carpathian orogen and palaeogeographic implica-tions.– J. Geol. Soc. London, 158, 97–110.
SATOLLI, S., BESSE, J., SPERANZA, F. & CALAMITA, F. (2007): The 125–150 Ma high-resolution Apparent Polar Wander Path for Adria from magnetostratigraphic sections in Umbria–Marche (Northern Apennines, Italy): Timing and duration of the global Jurassic–Cretaceous hairpin turn.– Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 257, 329–342.
STAMPFLI, G.M. & BOREL, G.D. (2002): A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrones.– Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 196, 17–33.
STESKY, R.M. (1995): SpheriStat 2.0. for Windows 3.1. Users Manu-al.– Pangea Scientifi c, Brockville, Ontario, Canada.
TARLING, D.H. & HROUDA, F. (1993): The Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks.– Chapman & Hall, London, 217 p.
TORSVIK, T.H. & SMETHURST, M.A. (1999): Plate tectonic model-ing: virtual reality with GMAP.– Computers & Geosciences, 25, 395–402.
VAN DER VOO, R. (1993): Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys and Iapetus Oceans.– Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 411 p.
VAN DIJK, J.P. & SCHEEPERS, P.J.J. (1995): Neotectonic rotations in the Calabrian Arc: implications for a Pliocene–Recent geodynamic scenario for the Central Mediterranean.– Earth Sci. Rev., 39, 207–246.
VASILIEV, I., BAKRAČ, K., KOVAČIĆ, M., ABDUL AZIZ, H. & KR-IJGSMAN, W. (2007): Palaeomagnetic Results from the Sarmatian/Pannonian Boundary in North-Eastern Croatia (Vranović Section, Našice Quarry).– Geol. Croat., 60/2, 151–163.
VELIĆ, I. (2007): Stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography of Mesozoic benthic foraminifera of the Karst Dinarides (SE Europe).– Geol. Croat., 60/1, 1–113.
VELIĆ, I., VLAHOVIĆ, I. & MATIČEC, D. (2002): Depositional se-quences and palaeogeography of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform.– Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 57, 141–151.
VLAHOVIĆ, I., TIŠLJAR, J., VELIĆ, I. & MATIČEC, D. (2005): Evolution of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform: Palaeogeography, main events and depositional dynamics.– Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 220, 333–360.