The analysis of the flysch badlands inventory in central Istria, Croatia
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Published:
Dec 18, 2013
Keywords:
badland, inventory, spatial analysis, flysch complex, central Istria
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Abstract
The south-western part of Croatia, i.e. the area of central Istria (the research area, approximately 500 km2) is characterized by flysch complex with a great number of isolated relief landforms – badlands. The importance of badlands (areas with sparse or no vegetation) is in the fact that the sediment production from these areas is 8000 higher than from the areas with vegetation. In this paper the badland inventory for the area of research is presented with 5568 badlands (polygons) singled out with total badland area of 10.7 km2. Spatial analysis of the badland inventory showed that concentrated erosive channel flow at steep slope foot is the most important factor in the badland forming and development for the area of central Istria.
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References
ACHTEN, W. M. J., DONDEYNE, S., SAMWELI, M., ELLY, K., JEAN, P., JOZEF, D. & BART, M. (2008): Gully erosion in South Eastern Tanzania: Spatial distribution and topographic thresholds.- Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 52, 225-235.
AZO (2006): Corine Land Cover.- Baza podataka, Agencija za zaštitu okoliša, Zagreb
BERGANT, S., TIŠLJAR, J. & ŠPARICA, M. (2003): Eocen carbonates and flysch deposits of the Pazin basin.- In: VLAHOVIĆ, I. & TIŠLJAR, J. (eds.): 22nd IAS meeting of sedimentology – Opatija. Field trip guidebook, 57-63.
BOARDMAN, J., PARSONS, A. J., HOLLANDC, R., HOLMESC, P. J. & Washingtond, R. (2003): Development of badlands and gullies in the Sneeuberg, Great Karoo, South Africa.- Catena 50, 165– 184.
BRYAN, R. B., CAMPBELL, I. A. & YAIR, A. (1987): Postglacial geomorphic development of the Dinosaur Provincial Park badland, Alberta.- Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 24, 135-146.
BRYAN, R. B. & YAIR, A. (1982): Perspectives on studies of badland geomorphology.- In: BRYAN, R. B. & YAIR, A. (eds.): Badland geomorphology and piping, 1-12.
CURRY, A. M. & MORRIS, C. J. (2004): Lateglacial and Holocene talus slope development and rockwall retreat on Mynydd Du, UK.- Geomorphology, 58, 85-106.
DE PLOEY, J. (1974): Mechanical properties of hillslopes and their relation to gullying in central semi-arid Tunisia.- Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband, 21, 177-190.
DÍAZ-HERNÁNDEZ, J. L. & JULIÁ, R. (2006): Geochronological position of badlands and geomorphological patterns in the Guadix–Baza basin (SE Spain).- Quaternary Research 65, 467–477.
ERIKSSON, M., REUTERSWÄRD, K. & CHRISTIANSSON, C. (2003): Changes in the fluvial system of the Kondoa Irangi Hills, central Tanzania, since 1960.- Hydrological Processes, 17, 3271-3285.
FEOLI, E., GALLIZIA VUERICH, L. & WOLDU, Z. (2002): Processes of environmental degradation and opportunities for rehabilitation in Adwa, Northern Ethiopia.- Landscape Ecology, 17, 315-325.
GAJIĆ-ČAPKA, M., PERČEC TADIĆ, M. & PATARČIĆ, M. (2003): Digitalna godišnja oborinska karta Hrvatske [Digital annual map of precipitation of Croatia – in Croatian].- Hrvatski meteorološki časopis, 38, 21-33.
GAMS, I., ZEREMSKI, M., MARKOVIĆ, M., LISENKO, S. & BOGNAR, A. (1985): Uputstvo za izradu detaljne geomorfološke karte SFRJ u razmeru 1:100.000 [Manual for the production of detailed geomorphological map of Yugoslavia in scale of 1:100.000 – in Serbian].- Radna grupa Naučnog veća međurepubličko-pokrajinskog projekta za geomorfološko kartiranje. Beograd. 80 p.
GILBERT, G. K. (1880): Report on the geology of the Henry Mountains.- US geographical and geological survey of the Rocky Mountain region, 2nd editon, Washington, DC. 170 p.
GULAM, V. (2012): Erozija ogolina u flišu središnje Istre [The erosion of flysch badlands in the central Istria - in Croatian].- Doctoral thesis. Faculty of Mining Geology and Petroleum engineering. University of Zagreb. 276 p.
HOWARD, A. D. (1994): Badlands.- In: ABRAHAMS, A. D. & PARSONS, A. J. (eds.): Geomorphology of Desert Environments. Chapman &Hall, London. 213-242.
HOWARD, A. D. (1997): Badland morphology and evolution: Interpretation using a simulation model.- Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 22, 211–227.
HOWARD, A. D. & KERBY, G. (1983): Channel changes in badlands.– Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 94, 739-752.
IMESON, A. C., KWAAD, F. J. P. M. & VERSTRATEN, J. M. (1982): The relationship of soil physical and chemical properties to the development of badlands in Morocco.- In: BRYAN, R. B. & YAIR, A. (eds.): Badland Geomorphology and Piping. GeoBooks, Norwich, 47-70.
JOSHI, V., TAMBE, D. & DHAWADE, G. (2009): Geomorphometry and fractal dimension of a riverine badland in Maharashtra.- Journal of the Geological Society of India, 73, 355-370.
JURAČIĆ, M. (1980): Dubina sedimentacije "lapora s rakovicama" iz odnosa planktonskih i bentičkih foraminifera [Depth of sedimentation of "marl with crabs" estimated from the ratio between planktonic and benthic foraminifera].- Geološki vjesnik, Zagreb, 31, 61-67.
JURAK, V. & FABIĆ, Z. (2000): Erozija kišom u slivu bujičnog vodotoka u središnjoj Istri [Torrential Catchment Raindrop Erosion in the Cetnral Istria].- In: VLAHOVIĆ, I. & BIONDIĆ, R. (eds.): Zbornik radova 2. Hrvatskog geološkog kongresa, Cavtat – Dubrovnik, 603-612.
JURAK, V., PETRAŠ, J. & GAJSKI, D. (2002): Istraživanje ekscesivne erozije na ogoljelim flišnim padinama u Istri primjenom terestičke fotogrametrije [Research into excessive erosion of bare flysch slopes in Istria by use of terrestrial photogrammetry].- Hrvatske vode, 10/38, 49-58.
LIU, T., AN, Z., YUAN, B. & HAN, J. (1985): The loess-palaeosol sequence in China and climatic historiy.- Episodes, 8, 21-28.
MAERKER, M., CASTRO, C. P., PELACANI, S. & BAEUREL, M. V. S. (2008): Assessment of soil degradation susceptibility in the Chacabuto Province of central Chile using a morphometry based response units approach.- Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria, 31, 47-53.
MARKOVIĆ, M. (1983): Osnove primenjene geomorfologije [Basics of applied geomorphology – in Serbian].- Posebna izdanja, Knjiga 8., Geoinstitut, Beograd. 174 p.
PETRAŠ, J., HOLJEVIĆ, D. & PATRČEVIĆ, V. (2008): Mjerenje produkcije erozijskog nanosa na istraživačkom poligonu "Abrami" u Istri [Measuring of the erosion sediment yield at the “Abrami” reseach polygon in Istria].- In: Ožanić, N. (eds.) Savjetovanje – Hidrološka mjerenja i obrada podataka. Nacionalni park Plitvička jezera. 190-206.
PLENIČAR, M., POLŠAK, A. & ŠIKIĆ, D. (1969): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ, list Trst u mjerilu 1:100.000 [Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia, sheet Trieste in scale of 1:100.000 – in Croatian and Slovenian].- Geološki zavod – Ljubljana i Institut za geološka istraživanja – Zagreb.
POLŠAK, A & ŠIKIĆ, D. (1969): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ, list Rovinj u mjerilu 1:100.000 [Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia, sheet Rovinj in scale of 1:100.000 – in Croatian].- Institut za geološka istraživanja – Zagreb.
POLŠAK, A. i ŠIKIĆ, D. (1973): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ, tumač za list Rovinj [Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia, Guide for sheet Rovinj – in Croatian].- Institut za geološka istraživanja – Zagreb. 47 p.
SEONG, Y. B., OWEN, L. A., CAFFEE, M. W., KAMP, U., BISHOP, M. P., BUSH, A., COPLAND, L. & SHRODER, J. F. (2009): Rates of basin-wide rockwall retreat in the K2 region of the Central Karakoram defined by terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide 10Be.- Geomorphology, 107, 254-262.
STRAHLER, A. N. (1957): Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology.- Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 38/6, 913-920.
ŠIKIĆ, D., POLŠAK, A. & MAGAŠ, N. (1969): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ, list Labin u mjerilu 1:100.000 [Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia, sheet Labin in scale of 1:100.000 – in Croatian].- Institut za geološka istraživanja – Zagreb.
ŠIKIĆ, D., PLENIČAR, M. & ŠPARICA, M. (1972): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ, list Ilirska Bistrica u mjerilu 1:100.000 [Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia, sheet Ilirska Bistrica in scale of 1:100.000 – in Croatian and Slovenian].- Institut za geološka istraživanja – Zagreb i Geološki zavod – Ljubljana.
VELIĆ, I., TIŠLJAR, J., VLAHOVIĆ, I., MATIČEC, D. & BERGANT, S. (2003): Evolution of the Istrian part of the Adriatic carbonate platform from Middle Jurassic to Santonian and formation of the flysch basin durnig the Eocene: Main components and regional comparison.– In: VLAHOVIĆ, I. & TIŠLJAR, J. (eds.): Field trip guidebook, 22nd IAS Meeting of sedimentology, Opatija. 3-17.
WAINWRIGHT, J. & BRAZIER, R. (2011): Slope systems.- In: THOMAS, D. S. G. (ed.): Arid zone geomorphology. Treće izdanje. 209-233.
WAINWRIGHT, J. (1994): Anthropogenic factors in the degradation of semi-arid regions: A prehistoric case study in Southern France.- In: MILLINGTON, A. C. & PYE, K.U (eds.): Effects of Environmental Changes on Drylands. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Chichester, 285-304.
WAINWRIGHT, J. & THORNES, J. B. (2003): Environmental issues in the Mediterranean: Processes and perspectives from the past and present.- Routledge, London. 479 p.
WISE, S. M., THORNES, J. B. & GILMAN, A. (1982): How old are the badlands? A case study from southeast Spain.- In: BRYAN, R. B. & YAIR, A (eds.): Badland geomorphology and piping. Geobooks, Norwich, 259-277.
ZANINOVIĆ, K., SRNEC, L. & PERČEC TADIĆ, M. (2004): Digitalna godišnja temperaturna karta Hrvatske [A digital annual temperature map of Croatia – in Croatian].- Hrvatski meteorološki časopis, 39, 51-58.
ZORN, M & MIKOŠ, M. (2008): Umikanje skalnih pobočij na erozijskih žariščih v slovenski Istri [Rockwall retreat on badlands in Slovene Istria – in Slovenian].- Ljubljana, Geologija 51/1, 107-118.
ZORN, M. (2009): Measurements of Various Erosion Processes in a Coastal Submediterranean Catchment (Southwest Slovenia).- Revista de Geomorfologie 11, 79-89.
AZO (2006): Corine Land Cover.- Baza podataka, Agencija za zaštitu okoliša, Zagreb
BERGANT, S., TIŠLJAR, J. & ŠPARICA, M. (2003): Eocen carbonates and flysch deposits of the Pazin basin.- In: VLAHOVIĆ, I. & TIŠLJAR, J. (eds.): 22nd IAS meeting of sedimentology – Opatija. Field trip guidebook, 57-63.
BOARDMAN, J., PARSONS, A. J., HOLLANDC, R., HOLMESC, P. J. & Washingtond, R. (2003): Development of badlands and gullies in the Sneeuberg, Great Karoo, South Africa.- Catena 50, 165– 184.
BRYAN, R. B., CAMPBELL, I. A. & YAIR, A. (1987): Postglacial geomorphic development of the Dinosaur Provincial Park badland, Alberta.- Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 24, 135-146.
BRYAN, R. B. & YAIR, A. (1982): Perspectives on studies of badland geomorphology.- In: BRYAN, R. B. & YAIR, A. (eds.): Badland geomorphology and piping, 1-12.
CURRY, A. M. & MORRIS, C. J. (2004): Lateglacial and Holocene talus slope development and rockwall retreat on Mynydd Du, UK.- Geomorphology, 58, 85-106.
DE PLOEY, J. (1974): Mechanical properties of hillslopes and their relation to gullying in central semi-arid Tunisia.- Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband, 21, 177-190.
DÍAZ-HERNÁNDEZ, J. L. & JULIÁ, R. (2006): Geochronological position of badlands and geomorphological patterns in the Guadix–Baza basin (SE Spain).- Quaternary Research 65, 467–477.
ERIKSSON, M., REUTERSWÄRD, K. & CHRISTIANSSON, C. (2003): Changes in the fluvial system of the Kondoa Irangi Hills, central Tanzania, since 1960.- Hydrological Processes, 17, 3271-3285.
FEOLI, E., GALLIZIA VUERICH, L. & WOLDU, Z. (2002): Processes of environmental degradation and opportunities for rehabilitation in Adwa, Northern Ethiopia.- Landscape Ecology, 17, 315-325.
GAJIĆ-ČAPKA, M., PERČEC TADIĆ, M. & PATARČIĆ, M. (2003): Digitalna godišnja oborinska karta Hrvatske [Digital annual map of precipitation of Croatia – in Croatian].- Hrvatski meteorološki časopis, 38, 21-33.
GAMS, I., ZEREMSKI, M., MARKOVIĆ, M., LISENKO, S. & BOGNAR, A. (1985): Uputstvo za izradu detaljne geomorfološke karte SFRJ u razmeru 1:100.000 [Manual for the production of detailed geomorphological map of Yugoslavia in scale of 1:100.000 – in Serbian].- Radna grupa Naučnog veća međurepubličko-pokrajinskog projekta za geomorfološko kartiranje. Beograd. 80 p.
GILBERT, G. K. (1880): Report on the geology of the Henry Mountains.- US geographical and geological survey of the Rocky Mountain region, 2nd editon, Washington, DC. 170 p.
GULAM, V. (2012): Erozija ogolina u flišu središnje Istre [The erosion of flysch badlands in the central Istria - in Croatian].- Doctoral thesis. Faculty of Mining Geology and Petroleum engineering. University of Zagreb. 276 p.
HOWARD, A. D. (1994): Badlands.- In: ABRAHAMS, A. D. & PARSONS, A. J. (eds.): Geomorphology of Desert Environments. Chapman &Hall, London. 213-242.
HOWARD, A. D. (1997): Badland morphology and evolution: Interpretation using a simulation model.- Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 22, 211–227.
HOWARD, A. D. & KERBY, G. (1983): Channel changes in badlands.– Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 94, 739-752.
IMESON, A. C., KWAAD, F. J. P. M. & VERSTRATEN, J. M. (1982): The relationship of soil physical and chemical properties to the development of badlands in Morocco.- In: BRYAN, R. B. & YAIR, A. (eds.): Badland Geomorphology and Piping. GeoBooks, Norwich, 47-70.
JOSHI, V., TAMBE, D. & DHAWADE, G. (2009): Geomorphometry and fractal dimension of a riverine badland in Maharashtra.- Journal of the Geological Society of India, 73, 355-370.
JURAČIĆ, M. (1980): Dubina sedimentacije "lapora s rakovicama" iz odnosa planktonskih i bentičkih foraminifera [Depth of sedimentation of "marl with crabs" estimated from the ratio between planktonic and benthic foraminifera].- Geološki vjesnik, Zagreb, 31, 61-67.
JURAK, V. & FABIĆ, Z. (2000): Erozija kišom u slivu bujičnog vodotoka u središnjoj Istri [Torrential Catchment Raindrop Erosion in the Cetnral Istria].- In: VLAHOVIĆ, I. & BIONDIĆ, R. (eds.): Zbornik radova 2. Hrvatskog geološkog kongresa, Cavtat – Dubrovnik, 603-612.
JURAK, V., PETRAŠ, J. & GAJSKI, D. (2002): Istraživanje ekscesivne erozije na ogoljelim flišnim padinama u Istri primjenom terestičke fotogrametrije [Research into excessive erosion of bare flysch slopes in Istria by use of terrestrial photogrammetry].- Hrvatske vode, 10/38, 49-58.
LIU, T., AN, Z., YUAN, B. & HAN, J. (1985): The loess-palaeosol sequence in China and climatic historiy.- Episodes, 8, 21-28.
MAERKER, M., CASTRO, C. P., PELACANI, S. & BAEUREL, M. V. S. (2008): Assessment of soil degradation susceptibility in the Chacabuto Province of central Chile using a morphometry based response units approach.- Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria, 31, 47-53.
MARKOVIĆ, M. (1983): Osnove primenjene geomorfologije [Basics of applied geomorphology – in Serbian].- Posebna izdanja, Knjiga 8., Geoinstitut, Beograd. 174 p.
PETRAŠ, J., HOLJEVIĆ, D. & PATRČEVIĆ, V. (2008): Mjerenje produkcije erozijskog nanosa na istraživačkom poligonu "Abrami" u Istri [Measuring of the erosion sediment yield at the “Abrami” reseach polygon in Istria].- In: Ožanić, N. (eds.) Savjetovanje – Hidrološka mjerenja i obrada podataka. Nacionalni park Plitvička jezera. 190-206.
PLENIČAR, M., POLŠAK, A. & ŠIKIĆ, D. (1969): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ, list Trst u mjerilu 1:100.000 [Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia, sheet Trieste in scale of 1:100.000 – in Croatian and Slovenian].- Geološki zavod – Ljubljana i Institut za geološka istraživanja – Zagreb.
POLŠAK, A & ŠIKIĆ, D. (1969): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ, list Rovinj u mjerilu 1:100.000 [Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia, sheet Rovinj in scale of 1:100.000 – in Croatian].- Institut za geološka istraživanja – Zagreb.
POLŠAK, A. i ŠIKIĆ, D. (1973): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ, tumač za list Rovinj [Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia, Guide for sheet Rovinj – in Croatian].- Institut za geološka istraživanja – Zagreb. 47 p.
SEONG, Y. B., OWEN, L. A., CAFFEE, M. W., KAMP, U., BISHOP, M. P., BUSH, A., COPLAND, L. & SHRODER, J. F. (2009): Rates of basin-wide rockwall retreat in the K2 region of the Central Karakoram defined by terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide 10Be.- Geomorphology, 107, 254-262.
STRAHLER, A. N. (1957): Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology.- Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 38/6, 913-920.
ŠIKIĆ, D., POLŠAK, A. & MAGAŠ, N. (1969): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ, list Labin u mjerilu 1:100.000 [Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia, sheet Labin in scale of 1:100.000 – in Croatian].- Institut za geološka istraživanja – Zagreb.
ŠIKIĆ, D., PLENIČAR, M. & ŠPARICA, M. (1972): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ, list Ilirska Bistrica u mjerilu 1:100.000 [Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia, sheet Ilirska Bistrica in scale of 1:100.000 – in Croatian and Slovenian].- Institut za geološka istraživanja – Zagreb i Geološki zavod – Ljubljana.
VELIĆ, I., TIŠLJAR, J., VLAHOVIĆ, I., MATIČEC, D. & BERGANT, S. (2003): Evolution of the Istrian part of the Adriatic carbonate platform from Middle Jurassic to Santonian and formation of the flysch basin durnig the Eocene: Main components and regional comparison.– In: VLAHOVIĆ, I. & TIŠLJAR, J. (eds.): Field trip guidebook, 22nd IAS Meeting of sedimentology, Opatija. 3-17.
WAINWRIGHT, J. & BRAZIER, R. (2011): Slope systems.- In: THOMAS, D. S. G. (ed.): Arid zone geomorphology. Treće izdanje. 209-233.
WAINWRIGHT, J. (1994): Anthropogenic factors in the degradation of semi-arid regions: A prehistoric case study in Southern France.- In: MILLINGTON, A. C. & PYE, K.U (eds.): Effects of Environmental Changes on Drylands. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Chichester, 285-304.
WAINWRIGHT, J. & THORNES, J. B. (2003): Environmental issues in the Mediterranean: Processes and perspectives from the past and present.- Routledge, London. 479 p.
WISE, S. M., THORNES, J. B. & GILMAN, A. (1982): How old are the badlands? A case study from southeast Spain.- In: BRYAN, R. B. & YAIR, A (eds.): Badland geomorphology and piping. Geobooks, Norwich, 259-277.
ZANINOVIĆ, K., SRNEC, L. & PERČEC TADIĆ, M. (2004): Digitalna godišnja temperaturna karta Hrvatske [A digital annual temperature map of Croatia – in Croatian].- Hrvatski meteorološki časopis, 39, 51-58.
ZORN, M & MIKOŠ, M. (2008): Umikanje skalnih pobočij na erozijskih žariščih v slovenski Istri [Rockwall retreat on badlands in Slovene Istria – in Slovenian].- Ljubljana, Geologija 51/1, 107-118.
ZORN, M. (2009): Measurements of Various Erosion Processes in a Coastal Submediterranean Catchment (Southwest Slovenia).- Revista de Geomorfologie 11, 79-89.