Bulk and clay mineral composition indicate origin of terra rossa soils in Western Herzegovina
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Published:
Oct 27, 2014
Keywords:
terra rossa, B horizons, parent materials, (clay) mineralogy, Western Herzegovina
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Abstract
The B horizons of terra rossa soils developed on three different carbonate lithologies having variable insoluble residue contents were studied in Western Herzegovina. Comparison of their composition and properties illustrates to what extent mineral (especially clay mineral assemblage) and particle size composition of those horizons and the insoluble residue of the underlying carbonate rocks can be used as indicators of the polygenetic nature of terra rossa in this region. Terra rossa B horizons have characteristic red colours, neutral to slightly acid pH, high base saturation with calcium as the predominant cation and high CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration). The CIA values obtained are generally in accordance with mineral composition and particle size distribution of the analysed B horizons. The predominant clay mineral phases in B horizons and related insoluble residues match. Kaolinite is the predominant clay mineral phase in the B horizons overlying carbonate rocks containing low amounts of insoluble residue, while smectite predominates in calcarenites areas with a high insoluble residue content. However, the presence of plagioclase, gibbsite, chlorite-vermiculite mixed layer mineral and vermiculite in B horizons overlying carbonate rocks containing low amounts of insoluble residue support a polygenetic origin for the terra rossa. In contrast, terra rossa formed on calcarenites containing high amounts of insoluble residue might have formed almost exclusively from the parent carbonate rock although some influence of external materials (e.g. gibbsite) cannot be excluded. This investigation shows that in Western Herzegovina, an area with no important aeolian input, the content and mineral composition of carbonate rock insoluble residue plays a major role in terra rossa composition. We can tentatively conclude that the lower the insoluble residue content of the parent materials, the greater is the expectation of a more polygenetic origin for the terra rossa.
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References
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BUKOVAC, P. (1950): Prilog poznavanju tla zapadne
Hercegovine, Poljoprivredna znanstvena smotra, sv. 12, Zagreb.
ĆIRIĆ, M. & ALEKSANDROVIĆ, D. (1959): A view on the genesis of terra rossa.– Zbornik radova Poljoprivrednog fakulteta, 7, 1–12, Beograd.
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KURTOVIĆ, J. (1971): Prilog poznavanju faktora koji čine crvenice najboljim duhanskim tlima u Hercegovini, VII međunarodni Simpozij o problemima duvana, Skoplje.
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MARIĆ, L. (1964): Terra Rossa u karstu Jugoslavije.– Acta geologica, 4, 19–72, Zagreb.
MERINO, E. & BANERJEE, A. (2008): Terra rossa genesis, implications for karst, and eolian dust: A geodynamic thread. The Journal of Geology, 116, 62-75.
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NESBITT, H.W. & YOUNG, G.M. (1982): Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature 299, 715–717.
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OLSON, C.G., RUHE, R.V. & MAUSBACH, M.J. (1980): The terra rossa limestone contact phenomena in Karst.– Southern Indiana Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 1075–1079.
OTTNER, F., SEDOV, S., ODBATAR, U. & WRIESSNIG, K.(2013): Grain size and mineralogical indicators of weathering in the Oberlaab loess-paleosol sequence, Upper Austria.-Quaternary Science Journal, 62, No 1, 34-43.
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BALAGH, T.M. & RUNGE, E.C.A. (1970): Clay-rich horizons over limestone, illuvial or residual.– Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 34, 534–536.
BANERJEE, A. & MERINO, E. (2011) Terra rossa genesis by replacement of limestone by kaolinite. III. Dynamic quantitative model. The Journal of Geology, 119, 259-274.
BOERO, V. & SCHWERTMANN, U. (1989): Iron oxide mineralogy of terra rossa and its genetic implications.– Geoderma, 44, 319–327.
BRINDLEY, G.W. & BROWN, G. (1980): Crystal structures of clay minerals and their X-ray identification. Miner. Soc., London, 495 pp.
BRONGER, A. & BRUHN-LOBIN, N. (1997): Paleopedology of Terrae rossae – Rhodoxeralfs from Quaternary calcarenites in NW Morocco.– Catena, 28, 279–295.
BRONGER, A., ENSLING, J., GÜTLICH, P. & SPIERING, H. (1983): Rubification of terrae rossae in Slovakia: a Mösbauer effect study.– Clays Clay Miner., 31, 269–276.
BROWN, G. (1961): The X-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals. Miner. Soc., London, 544 pp.
BUKOVAC, P. (1950): Prilog poznavanju tla zapadne
Hercegovine, Poljoprivredna znanstvena smotra, sv. 12, Zagreb.
ĆIRIĆ, M. & ALEKSANDROVIĆ, D. (1959): A view on the genesis of terra rossa.– Zbornik radova Poljoprivrednog fakulteta, 7, 1–12, Beograd.
DANIN, A., GERSON, R. & CARTY, J. (1983): Weathering patterns on hard limestone and dolomite by endolithic lichens and cyanobacteria: supporting evidence for eolian contribution to terra rossa soil.– Soil Science, 136, 213–217.
DOUGLAS, L.A. (1982): Smectites in acidic soils. In: van Olphen, H., Veniale, F. (Eds.), Proc. Int. Clay Conf. in Bologna, Pavia. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 635–640.
DRAGIČEVIĆ, I. & VELIĆ, I. (2002): The Northeastern Margin of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform, Geol. Croat. 55/2, 185-232, Zagreb.
DUCHAUFOUR, P. (1982): Pedology: Pedogenesis and Classification.– Allen and Unwin, London, 448 pp.
DUNHAM, J.B. (1962): Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture.− In: HAM, W.E. (ed.): Classification of carbonate rocks. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Mem., 1, 108−121.
DURN, G. (2003): Terra rossa in the Mediterranean region: parent materials, composition and origin. Geol. Croat. 56/1, 83–100, Zagreb.
DURN, G., OTTNER, F. & SLOVENEC, D. (1999): Mineralogical and geochemical indicators of the polygenetic nature of terra rossa in Istria, Croatia.– Geoderma, 91, 125–150.
DURN, G., ALJINOVIĆ, D., CRNJAKOVIĆ, M. & LUGOVIĆ, B. (2007): Heavy and light mineral fractions indicate polygenesis of extensive terra rossa soils in Istria Croatia. In: Heavy Minerals in Use (MANGE, M.A & WRIGHT, D.T., editors), pp. 701-737, Developments in Sedimentology, 58, Elsevier.
FAO (1974): Soil Map of the World, 1:5 Mill., Volume 1. Legend.– Unesco, Paris.
FAO (2006): Guidelines for Soil Description, 4th edition. FAO, Rome.
HRN ISO 11260 (2004): Soil Quality — Determination of Effective Cation Exchange Capacity and Base Saturation Level Using Barium Chloride Solution (ISO 11260:1994+Cor 1:1996).
JACKSON, M.L. (1979): Soil chemical analysis—advanced course. Soil Science Dept., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 250 pp.
JACKSON, M.L., CLAYTON, R.N., VIOLANTE, A. & VIOLANTE P. (1982): Eolian influence on terra rossa soils of Italy traced by oxygen isotopic ratio.– In: VAN OLPHEN, H. & VENIALE, F. (eds.): 7th Int. Clay Conf. Pavia, Italy, 293–301.
JAHN, R., ZAREI, M. & STAHR, K. (1991): Genetic implications of quartz in “Terra Rossa”-soils in Portugal.–Proceedings of 7th Euroclay Conference, Dresden, 541-546.
JOHNS, W.D., GRIM, R.E. & BRADLEY, W.F. (1954): Quantitative estimations of clay minerals by diffraction methods. Jour. Sed. Petr. 24, 242–251.
KARATHANASIS, A.D. & HAJEK, B.F. (1984): Evaluation of alluminum–smectite stability equilibria in naturally acidic soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48, 413–417.
KIŠPATIĆ, M. (1912): Bauxites des Kroatischen Karstes und ihre Einstehung.– N. Jb. Min. Geol. Pal., 34, 513–552.
KUBIËNA, W.L. (1953): The Soils of Europe.– Thomas Murby and Co., London, 317 p.
KURTOVIĆ, J. (1971): Prilog poznavanju faktora koji čine crvenice najboljim duhanskim tlima u Hercegovini, VII međunarodni Simpozij o problemima duvana, Skoplje.
KURTOVIĆ, J. (1979): Agropedološka studija reona proizvodnje duhana u Čitluku sa pedološkom kartom i kartom plodnosti tla, Zbornik radova, Duvanski Institut, Mostar.
MACLEOD, D.A. (1980): The origin of the red Mediterranean soils in Epirus, Greece.– J. Soil Sci., 31, 125–136.
MARIĆ, L. (1964): Terra Rossa u karstu Jugoslavije.– Acta geologica, 4, 19–72, Zagreb.
MERINO, E. & BANERJEE, A. (2008): Terra rossa genesis, implications for karst, and eolian dust: A geodynamic thread. The Journal of Geology, 116, 62-75.
MOJIČEVIĆ, M. & LAUŠEVIĆ, M. (1971): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100.000. List Mostar K33–24 (Basic geological map of SFRY 1:100,000. The Mostar sheet).– Geološki zavod Sarajevo (1958–1969), Savezni geološki zavod Beograd.
MOJIČEVIĆ, M. & LAUŠEVIĆ, M. (1973): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100.000. Tumač za list Mostar K33–24 (Basic Geological Map of SFRY 1:100 000. Geology of the Mostar sheet.) Geološki zavod Sarajevo, Savezni geološki zavod Beograd, 48p.
MOORE, D.M. & REYNOLDS, R.C. (1989): X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of Clay Minerals, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 326 pp.
MORESI, M. & MONGELLI, G. (1988): The relation between the terra rossa and the carbonate-free residue of the underlying limestones and dolostones in Apulia, Italy.– Clay Minerals, 23, 439–446.
NESBITT, H.W. & YOUNG, G.M. (1982): Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature 299, 715–717.
NIHLEN, T & OLSSON, S. (1995): Influence of eolian dust on soil formation in the Aegean area.– Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 39/3, 341–361.
OLSON, C.G., RUHE, R.V. & MAUSBACH, M.J. (1980): The terra rossa limestone contact phenomena in Karst.– Southern Indiana Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 1075–1079.
OTTNER, F., SEDOV, S., ODBATAR, U. & WRIESSNIG, K.(2013): Grain size and mineralogical indicators of weathering in the Oberlaab loess-paleosol sequence, Upper Austria.-Quaternary Science Journal, 62, No 1, 34-43.
PLASTER, R.W. & SHERWOOD, W.C. (1971): Bedrock weathering and residual soil formation in Central Virginia.– Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82, 2813–2826.
RAIĆ, V., PAPEŠ, J., BEHILOVIĆ, S., CRNOLATAC, I., MOJIĆEVIĆ, M., RANKOVIĆ, M. SLIŠKOVIĆ, T. ĐORĐEVIĆ, B., GOLO, B., AHAC, A., LUBURIĆ, P. & MARIĆ, LJ. (1975): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100.000. List Metković K33-36 (Basic Geological Map of SFRY 1:100 000. The Metković sheet.) Geološki zavod Sarajevo (1958–1971), Savezni geološki zavod Beograd.
RAIĆ, V. & PAPEŠ, J. (1977): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100.000. Tumač za list Metković K33-36 (Basic Geological Map of SFRY 1:100 000. Geology of the Metković sheet).- Geološki zavod Sarajevo, Savezni geološki zavod Beograd, 39p.
RANGE, K.J., RANGE, A. & WEISS, A. (1969): Fire-clay type kaolinite or fire-clay mineral? Experimental classification of kaolinite–halloysite minerals. Proc. 3rd Int. Clay Conf., Tokyo 1, 3–13.
RAPP, A. (1984): Are terra rossa soils in Europe eolian deposits from Africa?– Geologiska Foreninges et Stockholm Forhandlingar, 105, 161–168.
RYAN, P.C., HILLIER, S. & WALL, A.J. (2008): Stepwise effects of the BCR sequential chemical extraction procedure on dissolution and metal release from common ferromagnesian clay minerals: a combined solution chemistry and X-ray powder diffraction study. Sci. Total Environ. 407, 603–614.
RESULOVIĆ, H., ŽIVANOV, N. & JOVANDIĆ, P. (1963): Karakteristike sastava adsorptivnog kompleksa na jednoj razvojnoj seriji tla na trijadičnom krečnjaku, Zemljište i biljka, vol. XII, no. 1-3, Beograd.
SHELDON, N.D. (2006): Abrupt chemical weathering increase across the Permian–Triassic boundary. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 231, 315–321.
SHELDON, N.D. & TABOR, N.J. (2009): Quantitative paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstruction using paleosols. Earth-Sci. Rev. 95 (1–2), 1–52.
SOIL SURVEY STAFF (1975): Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys.– USDA Handbook No. 436, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
ŚRODON, J. (1984): X-ray powder diffraction identification of illitic materials. Clays Clay Miner. 32, 337–349.
ŚRODON, J. & EBERLl, D.D. (1984): Illite. In: BAILEY, S.W. Ed., Micas.-Rev. Miner. 13, Miner. Soc. America, pp. 495–544.
STILES, C.A. & STENSVOLD, K.A. (2008): Loess contribution to soils forming on dolostone in the Driftless Area of Wisconsin. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72, 650–659.
ŠINKOVEC, B. (1974): Porijeklo terra rosse Istre.– Geološki vjesnik, 27, 227–237.
ŠKORIĆ, A. FILIPOVSKI, G. & ĆIRIĆ, M. (1985): Klasifikacija tala Jugoslavije. Posebna izdanja, 13, Akademija nauka i umjetnosti BiH, Odj. prirodnih i matematičkih nauka, Sarajevo.
ŠKORIĆ, A. (1979): Dvoslojni profili tla na području terra rosse u Istri.– Zemljište i biljka, 28, 111–131, Beograd.
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