The Mineral Resources of the Bor Metallogenic Zone: A Review
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Published:
Feb 18, 2016
Keywords:
Copper, gold, Bor, metallogeny, mineral deposits, resources, reserves
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Abstract
The Bor metallogenic zone is one of the most important metallogenic units in the Republicof Serbia. Volcanic processes in this unit are characterized by the domination of extrusivevolcanic activity, and the change of depositional environment during the numerous volcaniccycles, as well as facial transitions and huge deposition of syn- and post eruptive resedimentedvolcanoclastics. The predominant metals in the Bor metallogenic zone are copperand gold, accompanied by iron, base-metals, silver, molybdenum, and minor platinumgroupelements. The most prominent morphogenetic types of deposit comprise porphyrycopper-gold, cupriferous pyrite, massive base-metal sulphides and hydrothermal veins,iron oxides skarns, carbonate replacement polymetallic deposits, volcanogenic epithermalgold mineralization of the high sulphidation type, and exceptionally rare clasts of coppersulphide ore mechanically accumulated in small sedimentary basins filled by pyroclastics.The total production of the Bor metallogenic zone since 1902 has been near 652 Mt ofore with 4.93 Mt of copper and 280 tons of gold. Mineral resources of the Bor metallogeniczone are estimated at over 20 millions of tons of copper and 1,000 tons of gold. Themain geological characteristics of selected metallic mineral deposits in this area are describedin this paper.
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References
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BANJEŠEVIĆ, M. (2015): Geološka karta Republike Srbije (Kartografska građa) [Geological Map of the Republic Serbia (Cartographic composition, Zaječar 1 – 1:50000)], Zaječar 1 – 1:50000. Geološki zavod Srbije, Beograd.
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BANJEŠEVIĆ, M., & LARGE, D. (2014): Geology and mineralization of the new copper and gold discovery south of Bor Timok magmatic complex. Proceedings of the XVI Serbian Geological Congress, Serbian Geological Society, Donji Milanovac, 2014, 739-741.
BERZA, T., CONSTANTINESCU, E., & VLAD, S.N. (1998): Upper Cretaceous magmatic series and associated mineralization in the Carpathian-Balkan Orogen, Resource Geology,Tokyo, 48/4: 281-306.
BOROJEVIĆ ŠOŠTARIĆ, S., PALINKAŠ, L., NEUBAUER, F., CVETKOVIĆ, V., BERNROIDER, M., GENSER, J. (2014): The origin and age of the metamorphic sole from the Rogozna Mts., Western Vardar Belt : New evidence for the one-ocean model for the Balkan ophiolites. // Lithos. 192-195 (2014) ; 39-55
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HEINRICH, C.A. & NEUBAUER, F. (2002): Cu-Au-Pb-Zn-Ag Metallogeny of the Alpine-Balkan-Carpathian-Dinaride Geodynamic Province. Mineralium Deposita, 37, 533-540.
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JANKOVIĆ, S., JELENKOVIĆ, R. &VUJIĆ, S. (2003): Mineralni resursi i prognoza potencijalnosti metaličnih i nemetaličnih mineralnih sirovina Srbije i Crne Gore na kraju 20. veka [Mineral resources and prognosis of potential of metallic and non-metallic mineral raw materials in Serbia and Montenegro at the end of the 20th century – in Serbian, with an English abstract]. Engineering Academy of Serbia and Montenegro. Belgrade, 875 p.
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KARAMATA, S., KNEŽEVIĆ-DJORDJEVIĆ, V. & MILOVANOVIĆ, D. (2002): A review of the evolution of Upper Cretaceous–Paleogene magmatism in the Timok Magmatic Complex and the associated mineralization. In: KOŽELJ D. & JELENKOVIĆ R. (eds.): Geology and metallogeny of the copper and gold deposits in the Bor Metallogenic Zone, QWERTY, Bor, pp 15–28.
KOLB, M., von QUADT, A., PEYTCHEVA, I., HEINRICH, C.A., FOWLER, S.J., CVETKOVIĆ, V., (2013): Adakite-like and normal arc magmas: distinct fractionation paths in the East Serbian segment of the Balkan–Carpathian. Arc Journal of Petrology 54 (3), 421–451.
KOŽELJ, D. (2002): Epitermalna mineralizacija zlata Borske metalogenetske zone: Morfogenetski tipovi, strukturno-teksturni varijeteti i potencijalnost [Epithermal gold mineralization in the Bor metallogenic zone: Morphogenetic types, structural-texture varieties and potentiality – in Serbian, with and English Abstract]. Grafomed, Bor, 216 p.
KRÄUTNER, H.G. & KRSTIĆ, B. (2002): Alpine and Pre-Alpine structural units within the Southern Carpathians and the Eastern Balkanides. Proceedings of XVII. Congress of Carpathian- Balkan Geological Association Bratislava, September 1 – 4 2002, Geologica Carpathica 53, Special Issue, 7 pp.
LJUBOVIĆ-OBRADOVIĆ, D., CAREVAC, I., MIRKOVIĆ, M., PROTIĆ, N. (2011): Upper Cretaceous volcanoclastic-sedimentary formations in the Timok Eruptive Area (eastern Serbia): new biostratigraphic data from planktonic foraminifera. Geologica Carphatica, 62/5, 435-446.
MAJER, V. 1953. Prilog razumevanju monconitskih stena u istočnoj Srbiji [Complement to the understanding of monzonitic type rocks in eastern Serbia – in Serbian, with an English abstract]. Vesnik Geozavoda, 10: 135–147.
MILOVANOVIĆ, D., KARAMATA, S. & BANJEŠEVIĆ, M. 2005. Petrology of the alkali basalts of Zlot, Timok Magmatic Complex (eastern Serbia). Tectonophysics, 410 (1–4): 501–509.
PALINKAŠ, L., BOROJEVIĆ ŠOŠTARIĆ, S., STRMIĆ PALINKAŠ, S. (2008): Metallogeny of the Northwestern and Central Dinarides and Southern Tisia. // Ore geology reviews. 34 (2008) , 3; 501-520.
SCHMID, SM., BERNOULLI, D., FUGENSCHUH, B., MATENCO, L., SCHEFER, S., SCHUSTER, R., TISCHLER, M. & USTASZEWSKI, K. (2008): The Alpine–Carpathian–Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units. Swiss J Geosci 101:139–183.
van DER TOORN, J., DAVIDOVIC, D, HADJIEVA, N., STRMBANOVIC, I., MÁRTON, I., KNAAK, M., TOSDAL, R., DAVIS, B. & HASSON, S. (2013): A new sedimentary rock-hosted gold belt in eastern Serbia. Mineral deposit research for a high-tech world, Vols. 1-4, (2013), pp. 691-694.
von QUADT, A., PEYTCHEVA, I., CVETKOVIĆ, V., BANJEŠEVIĆ, M. & KOŽELJ, D. 2002. Geochronology, geochemistry and isotope tracing of the Cretaceous magmatism of East Serbia as part of the Apuseni–Timok–Srednogorie metallogenic belt. 17th Congress of Carpathian–Balkan Geological Association, Geologica Carpathica, Special issue, 175–177.
VUJIĆ, S., GRUJIĆ, M., SALATIĆ, D., RADIVOJEVIĆ, S. & JELENKOVIĆ, R. (2005): Rudnik bakra Majdanpek: razvoj, stanje, budućnost [Copper mine Majdanpek: development, state, future - in Serbian, with and English abstract]. Planeta print, Beograd, 171 p.
ZIMMERMAN, A., HOLLY, J., STEIN & JUDITH L. HANNAH, KOŽELJ D. BOGDANOV K. & BERZA T. (2008): Tectonic configuration of the Apuseni–Banat–Timok–Srednogorie belt, Balkans-South Carpathians, constrained by high precision RE–OS molybdenite ages. Miner Deposita (2008) 43:1–21.
ŽIVKOVIĆ, P. (1987): Petrologija i alteracije ležišta Čoka Marin 1 [Petrology and alterations of Čoka Marin 1 ore deposit– in Serbian]. MSc thesis, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade, 46 p.
BANJEŠEVIĆ M. (2006): Gornjokredni magmatizam Timočkog magmatskog kompleksa [Upper Cretaceous magmatism of the Timok magmatic complex – in Serbian, with an English abstract]. PhD thesis, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade University, Belgrade, 184 p.
BANJEŠEVIĆ, M. 2010: Upper Cretaceous magmatic suites of the Timok Magmatic Complex. Annales Geologiques De La Peninsule Balkanique, 71, 13-22.
BANJEŠEVIĆ, M. (2015): Geološka karta Republike Srbije (Kartografska građa) [Geological Map of the Republic Serbia (Cartographic composition, Zaječar 1 – 1:50000)], Zaječar 1 – 1:50000. Geološki zavod Srbije, Beograd.
BANJEŠEVIĆ, M., CVETKOVIĆ, V., von QUADT, A., PEYTCHEVA, I. & COCIĆ, S. (2006): Geodynamic reconstructions based on the magmatism in the Timok Magmatic Complex (East Serbia) – part of the Carpathian–Balkan Belt. 18th Congress of Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association, Belgrade, 27–29.
BANJEŠEVIĆ, M., & LARGE, D. (2014): Geology and mineralization of the new copper and gold discovery south of Bor Timok magmatic complex. Proceedings of the XVI Serbian Geological Congress, Serbian Geological Society, Donji Milanovac, 2014, 739-741.
BERZA, T., CONSTANTINESCU, E., & VLAD, S.N. (1998): Upper Cretaceous magmatic series and associated mineralization in the Carpathian-Balkan Orogen, Resource Geology,Tokyo, 48/4: 281-306.
BOROJEVIĆ ŠOŠTARIĆ, S., PALINKAŠ, L., NEUBAUER, F., CVETKOVIĆ, V., BERNROIDER, M., GENSER, J. (2014): The origin and age of the metamorphic sole from the Rogozna Mts., Western Vardar Belt : New evidence for the one-ocean model for the Balkan ophiolites. // Lithos. 192-195 (2014) ; 39-55
CLARK, H.A. & ULLRICH, D.T. (2004): 40Ar/39Ar age data for andesitic magmatism and hydrothermal activity in the Timok Massif, eastern Serbia: implications for metallogenetic relationships in the Bor copper-gold subprovince. Mineralium Deposita, 39: 256–262.
ĐORĐEVIĆ, M. & BANJEŠEVIĆ, M. (1997). Geologija južnog depa Timočkog magmatskog kompleksa, Tumač geološke karte 1:50000 [Geology of the southern part of the Timok Magmatic Complex, Booklet and Geological Map 1:50000 – in Serbian]. Federal Ministry of Economy FR Yugoslavia, Belgrade, 171 p.
ĐORĐEVIĆ, M. (2005). Volcanogenic Turonian and epiclastics of the Senonian in the Timok Magmatic Complex between Bor and the Tupižnica Mountain, eastern Serbia.Geološki anali Balkanskoga poluostrva (for 2004 – 2005),66: 63–71.
DROVENIK, M. (1959). Complement to understanding the Timok eruptive massive rocks. Rasprave in poročila, Geologija,5: 11–21 (in Slovenian).
HEINRICH, C.A. & NEUBAUER, F. (2002): Cu-Au-Pb-Zn-Ag Metallogeny of the Alpine-Balkan-Carpathian-Dinaride Geodynamic Province. Mineralium Deposita, 37, 533-540.
JANKOVIĆ, S. (1976): The copper deposits and geotectonic setting of the Tethyan Eurasian Metallogenic Belt. 25th Intern. Geol. Congr. Sydney (publ.: Mineral deposits, 12, 37-47, 1977).
JANKOVIĆ, S. (1980): Metallogenic features of copper deposits in the volcano-intrusive complexes of the Bor district, Yugoslavia. Monograph European copper deposits. JANKOVIĆ, S. & SILLITOE, R.H. (Eds.), SGA – Spec. publ. No 1, Copper Mining, Smelting and Refining Corporation, Bor and Department for Economic Geology, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade University, Belgrade, 42-49.
JANKOVIĆ, S. (1990): Rudna ležišta Srbije: Regionalni metalogenetski položaj, sredine stvaranja, i tipovi ležišta [The ore deposits of Serbia: Regional metallogenic settings, environments of deposition, and types – in Serbian, with an English abstract]. Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade, 760 p.
JANKOVIĆ, S. (1997): The Carpatho-Balkanides and adjacent area: a sector of the Tethyan Eurasian metallogenic belt. Mineralium Deposita, Vol. 32, No. 5, 426-433.
JANKOVIĆ, S., JELENKOVIĆ, R. &VUJIĆ, S. (2003): Mineralni resursi i prognoza potencijalnosti metaličnih i nemetaličnih mineralnih sirovina Srbije i Crne Gore na kraju 20. veka [Mineral resources and prognosis of potential of metallic and non-metallic mineral raw materials in Serbia and Montenegro at the end of the 20th century – in Serbian, with an English abstract]. Engineering Academy of Serbia and Montenegro. Belgrade, 875 p.
KARAMATA, S. & DJORDJEVIĆ, P. (1980): Origin of the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary magmas in the eastern part of Yugoslavia. Bulletin Academie des Serbe des Sciences et des Arts, Classe des Sciences Mathematiques et Sciences Naturalles, v. 32, 1-p.
KARAMATA, S., KNEŽEVIĆ-DJORDJEVIĆ, V. & MILOVANOVIĆ, D. (2002): A review of the evolution of Upper Cretaceous–Paleogene magmatism in the Timok Magmatic Complex and the associated mineralization. In: KOŽELJ D. & JELENKOVIĆ R. (eds.): Geology and metallogeny of the copper and gold deposits in the Bor Metallogenic Zone, QWERTY, Bor, pp 15–28.
KOLB, M., von QUADT, A., PEYTCHEVA, I., HEINRICH, C.A., FOWLER, S.J., CVETKOVIĆ, V., (2013): Adakite-like and normal arc magmas: distinct fractionation paths in the East Serbian segment of the Balkan–Carpathian. Arc Journal of Petrology 54 (3), 421–451.
KOŽELJ, D. (2002): Epitermalna mineralizacija zlata Borske metalogenetske zone: Morfogenetski tipovi, strukturno-teksturni varijeteti i potencijalnost [Epithermal gold mineralization in the Bor metallogenic zone: Morphogenetic types, structural-texture varieties and potentiality – in Serbian, with and English Abstract]. Grafomed, Bor, 216 p.
KRÄUTNER, H.G. & KRSTIĆ, B. (2002): Alpine and Pre-Alpine structural units within the Southern Carpathians and the Eastern Balkanides. Proceedings of XVII. Congress of Carpathian- Balkan Geological Association Bratislava, September 1 – 4 2002, Geologica Carpathica 53, Special Issue, 7 pp.
LJUBOVIĆ-OBRADOVIĆ, D., CAREVAC, I., MIRKOVIĆ, M., PROTIĆ, N. (2011): Upper Cretaceous volcanoclastic-sedimentary formations in the Timok Eruptive Area (eastern Serbia): new biostratigraphic data from planktonic foraminifera. Geologica Carphatica, 62/5, 435-446.
MAJER, V. 1953. Prilog razumevanju monconitskih stena u istočnoj Srbiji [Complement to the understanding of monzonitic type rocks in eastern Serbia – in Serbian, with an English abstract]. Vesnik Geozavoda, 10: 135–147.
MILOVANOVIĆ, D., KARAMATA, S. & BANJEŠEVIĆ, M. 2005. Petrology of the alkali basalts of Zlot, Timok Magmatic Complex (eastern Serbia). Tectonophysics, 410 (1–4): 501–509.
PALINKAŠ, L., BOROJEVIĆ ŠOŠTARIĆ, S., STRMIĆ PALINKAŠ, S. (2008): Metallogeny of the Northwestern and Central Dinarides and Southern Tisia. // Ore geology reviews. 34 (2008) , 3; 501-520.
SCHMID, SM., BERNOULLI, D., FUGENSCHUH, B., MATENCO, L., SCHEFER, S., SCHUSTER, R., TISCHLER, M. & USTASZEWSKI, K. (2008): The Alpine–Carpathian–Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units. Swiss J Geosci 101:139–183.
van DER TOORN, J., DAVIDOVIC, D, HADJIEVA, N., STRMBANOVIC, I., MÁRTON, I., KNAAK, M., TOSDAL, R., DAVIS, B. & HASSON, S. (2013): A new sedimentary rock-hosted gold belt in eastern Serbia. Mineral deposit research for a high-tech world, Vols. 1-4, (2013), pp. 691-694.
von QUADT, A., PEYTCHEVA, I., CVETKOVIĆ, V., BANJEŠEVIĆ, M. & KOŽELJ, D. 2002. Geochronology, geochemistry and isotope tracing of the Cretaceous magmatism of East Serbia as part of the Apuseni–Timok–Srednogorie metallogenic belt. 17th Congress of Carpathian–Balkan Geological Association, Geologica Carpathica, Special issue, 175–177.
VUJIĆ, S., GRUJIĆ, M., SALATIĆ, D., RADIVOJEVIĆ, S. & JELENKOVIĆ, R. (2005): Rudnik bakra Majdanpek: razvoj, stanje, budućnost [Copper mine Majdanpek: development, state, future - in Serbian, with and English abstract]. Planeta print, Beograd, 171 p.
ZIMMERMAN, A., HOLLY, J., STEIN & JUDITH L. HANNAH, KOŽELJ D. BOGDANOV K. & BERZA T. (2008): Tectonic configuration of the Apuseni–Banat–Timok–Srednogorie belt, Balkans-South Carpathians, constrained by high precision RE–OS molybdenite ages. Miner Deposita (2008) 43:1–21.
ŽIVKOVIĆ, P. (1987): Petrologija i alteracije ležišta Čoka Marin 1 [Petrology and alterations of Čoka Marin 1 ore deposit– in Serbian]. MSc thesis, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade, 46 p.