Alkali Metasomatism and Th-REE Mineralization in the Choghart deposit, Bafq district, Central Iran
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Published:
Feb 24, 2017
Keywords:
Alkali Metasomatism, Th-REE Mineralization, breccia zone, Choghart deposit
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Abstract
The Choghart iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposit is located 124 km southeast of Yazd, in the Bafq district within the Central Iranian microcontinent. The Choghart deposit is hosted by the rhyolitic rocks of the Early Cambrian volcano-sedimentary sequence (the Esfordi formation). Both host rocks and the orebodies are crosscut by diabase dykes. Tectonically, the Choghart rhyolites represent the continental margin setting and the Choghart diabase dykes formed in the back-arcbasin environment, respectively, indicating that the evolution of the Bafq district is associated with subduction of Palaeotethys oceanic crust beneath the Central Iranian microcontinent followed by formation of continental arc related granitoids and rhyolites and then formation of back-arc basin diabase dykes. Similar to the other subduction-related rhyolites, the Choghart rhyolite is enriched in Th and LREE compared to Ia, Nb, and HREE.
The main host minerals of Th and REE in the Th-REE mineralization zone are thorite and sphene. Albitization is the most important alteration aspect related to Th-REE mineralization (mainly Th, La, Ce, Nd, and Y). In addition to albite, Th-REE mineralization is associated with actinolite, augite, diopside, minor microcline and orthoclase, plus magnetite, calcite, pyrite, rutile, and minor amounts of chalcopyrite. The negative Eu anomaly in Th mineralization zone, as well as the paragenetic occurrence of magnetite, pyrite and chalcopyrite with thorite suggest that Th-REE mineralization formed in relatively reduced condition. The presence of paragenetic calcite accompanied by thorite and sphene in the Th-REE mineralization zone indicates that Th and REE were likely transported by the carbonate complexes in the mineralizing fluids. The similarity betweenthe chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the host rhyolite and the Th-REE mineralization zone suggests that post-magmatic driven fluids of continental margin rhyolitic magma played an important role in Th-REE mineralization.
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References
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FELDMAN, G. K. (1926): About some varieties of spherulite quartz of the ZhovtaRichka mine.-Dnipropetrovsk: Bull Geol Mining circle of Dnipropetrovsk Mining Institute, 2.
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IAEA (2014): Uranium 2014; resources, production and demand, 504p.
KARGARANBAFGHI, F., NEUBAUER, F., GENSER, J., FAGHIH, A. & KUSKY, T. (2012): Mesozoic to Eocene ductile deformation of western Central Iran: From Cimmerian.- Tectp., 564–565, 83–100.
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LEAKE, B. E., WOOLEY, A. R., ARPS C.E.S., BIRCH, W. D., GILBERT, M. C., GRICE, J. D., HAWTHORNE, F. C., KATO, A., KISCH, H. J., KRIVOVICHEV, V. G., LINTHOUT, K., LAIRD, J., MANDARINO, J. A., MARESCH W. V., NICKEL, E. H., ROCK, N. M. S., SCHUMACHER, J. C., SMITH, D. C., STEPHENSON, N. C. N., UNGARETTI, L., WHITTAKER, E. J. W. & YOUZHI, G. (1997). Nomenclature of amphiboles: Report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on new minerals and mineral names.– Am. Mineral., 82, 1019–1037.
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MOHAMMAD TORAB, F. (2008): Geochemistry and metallogeny of magnettite-apatite deposits of the Bafq mining district, central Iran.- Ph.d Thesis, Faculty of Energy and Economic Sciences, Technical university of Claustal, 131p.
MOORE, F. & MODABBERI, S. (2003): Origin of Choghart iron oxide deposit, Bafq mining district, Central Iran: new isotopic and geochemical evidence.– Journal of Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran, 14/3, 259–270.
MORIMOTO, N., FABRIES, J., FERGUSON, A. K., GINZBURG, I. V., ROSS, M., SEIFERT, F. A. & ZUSSMAN, J. (1988): Nomenclature of Pyroxenes.– Am. Mineral., 73, 1123–1133.
NADIMI, A. (2007): Evolution of the Central Iranian basement.- Int. Gondwana Res. 12, 324–333. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2006.10.012
PIRAJNO, F. (2009): Hydrothermal Processes and Mineral Systems.- Springer, 1250 p. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8613-7
PIRAJNO, F. (2013): Effects of metasomatism on mineral systems and their host rocks: alkali metasomatism, skarns, greisens, tourmalinites, rodingites, black-wall alteration and listvenites.- in: HARLOV, DE. & AUSTRHEIM (eds): Metasomatism and metamorphism: the role of fluids in crustal and upper mantle processes, Lecture Series in Earth Science, Springer, 203-251. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-28394-9_7
POLLARD, PJ. (1983): Magmatic and postmagmatic processes in the formation of rocks associated with rare element deposits.- Trans Inst Min Metall, 92, B1–B9.
RAJABI, A. (2008): Geology, mineralogy, texture and structure, geochemistry and genesis of Chahmir Zn-Pb deposit, south of Behabad, Yazd Province.- M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Science, TarbiatModares University, Iran.
RAJABI, A. (2012): Ore controlling parameters and genesis of sedimentaryexhalative Zn-Pb (SEDEX type) deposits, Zarigan-Chahmir Area, East of Bafq, Central Iran.- Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Science, TarbiatModares University, Iran.
RAJABI, A., CANET, C., RASTAD, E. & ALFONSO, P. (2014): Basin evolution and stratigraphic correlation of sedimentary-exhalative Zn–Pb deposits of the Early Cambrian Zarigan-Chahmir basin, Central Iran.- Int. Ore Geol. Rev., 64, 328–353.
RAJABI, A., RASTAD, E., ALFONSO, P. & CANET C. (2012): Geology, ore facies and sulfur isotopes of the Koushk vent-proximal sedimentary-exhalative deposit, Posht-e-Badam block, Central Iran.- Int. Geol. Rev., 54, 1635–1648.
RAMEZANI, J. & TUCKER, R. (2003): The Saghand region, central Iran: U-Pb geochronology, petrogenesis and implications for Gondwana Tectonics.- American J. Sci., 303/3, 622-665. doi: 10.2475/ajs.303.7.622
REED, M. J., CANDELA, P. A. & PICCOLI, P. M. (2000): The distribution of rare earth elements between monzogranitic melt and the aqueous volatile phase in experimental investigations at 800°C and 200 MPa.- Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 140, 251-262.
SAMANI, B. (1993): Saghand formation, a riftogenic unit of upper Precambrian in central Iran.- Int. Geosci., 6, 32–45.
SAUNDERS, A. D., TARNERY, J. (1991): Back-arc basins. In: Floyd, P.A. (Ed.), Oceanic Basalts. Blackie, Glasgow, pp. 219–263. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3540-9_10
SCHANDL, E. S. & GORTON, M.P. (2002): Appplication of high field strength elements to discriminate tectonic setting in VMS environments. Economic Geology, 97,629–642.
SIMON, A. C., PETTKE, T., CANDELA, P. A., PICCOLI, P. M. & HEINRICH, C. A. (2004): Magnetite solubility and iron transport in magmatic-hydrothermal environments.-Geochim. Cosmochim.Acta, 68, 4905–4914. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.033
SIMON, A. C., PETTKE, T., CANDELA, P. A., PICCOLI, P. M. & HEINRICH, C. A. (2005): Gold partitioning in melt vapor-brine systems.-Geochim. Cosmochim.Acta, 69, 3321-3335. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2005.01.028
SIMON, A.C., PETTKE, T., CANDELA, P. A., PICCOLI, P. M. & HEINRICH, C. A. (2006): Copper partitioning in melt-vapor-brine-magnetite-pyrrhotite assemblage.-Geochim. Cosmochim.Acta, 70, 5583-5600. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.045
SMITH, R. E., SMITH, S. E. (1976). Comments on the use of Ti, Zr, Y, Sr, K, P and Na inclassification of basaltic magmas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 32, 114–120.
STAMPFLI, G. M. (2009): Terranes Map of the Western Tethysides.- UNIL, Université de Lausanne (open file).
STOSCH, H. G., ROMER, R. l., DALIRAN, F. & RHEDE, D. (2011): Uranium–lead ages of apatite from iron oxide ores of the Bafq District, East-Central Iran.- Mineral. Deposita., 46, 9-21. doi: 10.1007/s00126-010-0309-4
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