Use of Stable Nitrogen Isotope Signatures of Anthropogenic Organic Matter in the Coastal Environment: The Case Study of the Kosirina Bay (Murter Island, Croatia)
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particulate organic matter (POM), zooplankton, Mytilus galloprovincialis, sewage, Kosirina Bay, Murter Island, Central Adriatic
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Abstract
In this study stable nitrogen isotope ratios of particulate matter POM, zooplankton and selected biota such as Mytilus galloprovincialis were used to assess the impact of anthropogenically derived organic matter from the untreated domestic sewage, municipal and industrial effluents on the coastal ecosystem of the Kosirina Bay (Murter Island). The differences in δ15N values observed in POM and organisms collected in Kosirina Bay as compared to POM and biota sampled at unaffected sites from the southern part of the Kornati Island and highly impacted Pirovac Bay revealed only a very minor effects of anthropogenic inputs of nutrients and organic matter which is most probably derived from a sewage outfall south of the Tužbina Island.
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References
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ALONSO-RODRIGUEZ, R., PAEZ-OSUNA, F. & CORTES-ALTAMIRANO, R. (2000): Trophic Conditions and Stoichiometric Nutrient Balance in Subtropical Waters Influenced by Municipal Sewage Effluents in Mazatlan Bay (SE Gulf of California). – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40, 331-339.
BACHTIAR, T., COAKLEY, J.P. & RISK, M.J. (1996): Tracing sewage-contaminated sediments in Hamilton Harbour using selected geochemical indicators. – Science of The Total Environment, 179, 3-16.
BARRETT, M.H., HISCOCK, K.M., PEDLEY, S., LERNER, D.N., TELLAM, J.H. & FRENCH, M.J. (1999): Marker species for identifying urban groundwater recharge sources: A review and case study in Nottingham, UK. – Water Research, 33, 3083-3097.
BODE, A. & ALVAREZ-OSSORIO, M.T. (2004): Taxonomic versus trophic structure of mesozooplankton: a seasonal study of species succession and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in a coastal upwelling ecosystem. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61, 563-571.
CARMICHAEL, R.H., ANNETT, B. & VALIELA, I. (2004): Nitrogen loading to Pleasant Bay, Cape Cod: application of models and stable isotopes to detect incipient nutrient enrichment of estuaries. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48, 137-143.
COSTANZO, S.D., O'DONOHUE, M.J., DENNISON, W.C., LONERAGAN, N.R. & THOMAS, M. (2001): A New Approach for Detecting and Mapping Sewage Impacts. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 149-156.
COSTANZO, S.D., O'DONOHUE, M.J. & DENNISON, W.C. (2000): Gracilaria edulis (rhodophyta) as a biological indicator of pulsed nutrients in oligotrophic waters. – Journal of Phycology, 36, 680-685.
COSTANZO, S.D., O'DONOHUE, M.J. & DENNISON, W.C. (2003): Assessing the seasonal influence of sewage and agricultural nutrient inputs in a subtropical river estuary. – Estuaries 26, 857-865.
DAVIS, J.R. & KOOP, K. (2006): Eutrophication in Australian Rivers, Reservoirs and Estuaries – A Southern Hemisphere Perspective on the Science and its Implications. – Hydrobiologia, 559, 23-76.
DENIRO, M.I. & EPSTEIN, S. (1981): Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. – Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45, 341-351.
DOLENEC, T., LOJEN, S., KNIEWALD, G., DOLENEC, M. & ROGAN, N. (2007): Nitrogen stable isotope composition as a tracer of fish farming in invertebrates Aplysina aerophoba, Balanus perforatus and Anemonia sulcata in central Adriatic. – Aquaculture, 262, 237-249.
DOLENEC, T., LOJEN, S., LAMBAŠA, Ž. & DOLENEC, M. (2006a): Effects of fish farm loading on sea grass Posidonia oceanica at Vrgada Island (Central Adriatic): a nitrogen stable isotope study. – Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 42, 77-85.
DOLENEC, T., LOJEN, S., DOLENEC, M., LAMBAŠA, Ž., DOBNIKAR, M., ROGAN, N. (2006b): 15N and 13C Enrichment in Balanus perforatus: Tracers of Municipal Particulate Waste in the Murter Sea (Central Adriatic, Croatia). - Acta Chim. Slov., 53, 469-476.
DOLENEC, T., VOKAL, B. & DOLENEC, M. (2005): Nitrogen - 15 signals of anthropogenic nutrient loading in Anemonia sulcata as a possible indicator of human sewage impacts on marine coastal ecosystems: a case study of Pirovac Bay and the Murter Sea (Central Adriatic) . – Croatica Chemica Acta, 78, 593-600.
EVGENIDOU, A. & VALIELA, I. (2002): Response of Growth and Density of a Population of Geukensia demissa to Land-Derived Nitrogen Loading, in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, Estuarine. – Coastal and Shelf Science 55, 125-138.
FOGG, G.E., ROLSTON,D.E., DECKER, D.L., LOUIE, D.T., GRISMER, M.E. 1998: Spatial variation in nitrogen isotope values beneath nitrate contamination sources. - Ground Water 36, 418-426.
FRY, B. (1988): Food web structure on Georges Bank from stable C, N, and S isotopic compositions. – Limnology and Oceanography, 33, 1182-1190.
GASTON, T.F., KOSTOGLIDIS, A. & SUTHERS, I.M. (2004): The 13C, 15N and 34S signatures of a rocky reef planktivorous fish indicate different coastal discharges of sewage. – Marine and Freshwater Research, 55, 689-699.
HADWEN, W.L. & ARTHINGTON, A.H. (2007): Food webs of two intermittently open estuaries receiving 15N-enriched sewage effluent. – Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 71, 347-358.
HANSSON, S., HOBBIE, J.E., ELMGREN, R., LARSSON, U., FRY, B. & JOHANSSON, S. (1997): The stable nitrogen isotope ratio as a marker of food-web interactions and fish migration. – Ecology, 78, 2249-2257.
HEATON, T.H.E. (1986): Isotopic studies of nitrogen pollution in the hydrosphere and atmosphere: A review. – Chemical Geology, 59, 87-102.
HEIKOOP, J.M., RISK, M.J., LAZIER, A.V., EDINGER, E.H., JOMPA, J., LIMMON, G.V., DUNN, J.J., BROWNE, D.R. & SCHWARCZ, H.P. (2000): Nitrogen-15 Signals of Anthropogenic Nutrient Loading in Reef Corals. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40, 628-636.
HOBSON & WELCH (1992): Determination of trophic relationship within a high Arctic marine food web using d13C and d15N analysis. – Marine Ecology Progress Series, 84, 9-18.
HOBSON, K.A., FISK, A., KARNOVSKY, N., HOLST, M., GAGNON, J-M & FORTIER, M. (2002): A stable isotope (d13C, d15N) model for the North Water food web: implications for evaluating trophodynamics and the flow of energy and contaminants. – Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 49, 5131-5150.
HOWARTH, R.W. (1998): An assessment of human influences on fluxes of nitrogen from the terrestrial landscape to the estuaries and continental shelves of the North Atlantic Ocean. – Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 52, 213-223.
HOWARTH, R.W., SHARPLEY, A. & WALKER, D. (2002): Sources of Nutrient Pollution to Coastal Waters in the United States: Implications for Achieving Coastal Water Quality Goals. – Estuaries, 25, 656-676.
KENDALL, C. (1998): Tracing nitrogen sources and cycling in catchments. - In: KENDAL, C. & MCDONNELL, J.J. (eds.): Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. - Elsevier 1998, 519-576, New York
KREITLER, C.W. & BROWNING, L.A. (1983): Nitrogen-isotope analysis of groundwater nitrate in carbonate aquifers: Natural sources versus human pollution. – Journal of Hydrology, 61, 285-301.
KRESS, N., HERUT, B. & GALIL, B.S. (2004): Sewage sludge impact on sediment quality and benthic assemblages off the Mediterranean coast of Israel--a long-term study. – Marine Environmental Research, 57, 213-233.
MACKO, S.A. & OSTROM, N.E. (1994): Pollution studies using stable isotopes.- In: LAJTHA, K. & MICHENER, R.H. (eds.): Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science. – Blackwell Science, 45-62, New York.
MCCLELLAND, J.W., VALIELA, I. & MICHENER, R.H. (1997): Nitrogen-stable isotope signatures in estuarine food webs: A record of increasing urbanization in coastal watersheds. – Limnology and Oceanography, 42, 930-937.
MCCUTCHAN, J.H., LEWIS, W.M., KENDALL, C. & MCGRATH, C.C. (2003): Variation in trophic shift for stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. – Oikos, 102, 378-390.
MUSCATINE, L. & KAPLAN, I.R. (1994): Resource partitioning by reef corals as determined from stable isotope composition: II. d15N of zooxanthellae and animal tissue versus depth. –Pacific Science, 48, 304-312.
NIXON, S.W., OVIATT, C.A., FRITHSEN, J. & SULLIVAN, B. (1986): Nutrients and the productivity of estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems. – Journal of the Limnology Society of South Africa, 12, 43-71.
OWENS, N.J.P. (1987): Natural variations in N in the marine environment.- In: BLAXTER, J.H.S. & SOUTHWARD, A.J. (eds.): Advances in Marine Biology. – Academic Press, 389-451.
PRUELL, R.J., TAPLIN, B.K., LAKE, J.L. & JAYARAMAN, S. (2006): Nitrogen isotope ratios in estuarine biota collected along a nutrient gradient in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 612-620.
RABALAIS, N.N. (2002): Nitrogen in Aquatic Ecosystems, AMBIO. – A Journal of the Human Environment, 31, 102-112.
RISK, M.J. & ERDMANN, M.V. (2000): Isotopic Composition of Nitrogen in Stomatopod (Crustacea) Tissues as an Indicator of Human Sewage Impacts on Indonesian Coral Reefs. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40, 50-58.
RISK, M.J. & HEIKOOP, J.M. (1997): Stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (d15N) as a measure of sewage stress on tropical coal reefs. – Abstracts of Papers of the American chemical Society, 214, 68.
ROGERS, K.M. (2003): Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures indicate recovery of marine biota from sewage pollution at Moa Point, New Zealand. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 821-827.
RUIZ, J.M., PEREZ, M. & ROMERO, J. (2001): Effects of Fish Farm Loadings on Seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) Distribution, Growth and Photosynthesis. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 749-760.
SCHMIDT, O. & OSTLE, N.J. (1999): Tracing nitrogen derived from slurry in earthworms using 15N/14N stable isotope ratios at natural abundances. – Applied Soil Ecology, 12, 7-13.
SIGLEO, A.C. & MACKO S.A. (2002): Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes in Suspended Particles and Colloids, Chesapeake and San Francisco Estuaries, U.S.A. – Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 54/4, 701-711.
SPIES, R.B., KRUGER, H., IRELAND, R. & RICE, D.W. (1989): Stable isotope ratios and contaminant concentrations in a sewage-distorted food web. – Marine Ecology Progress Series, 54, 157-170.
SUTHERLAND, T.F., MARTIN, A.J. & LEVINGS, C.D. (2001): Characterization of suspended particulate matter surrounding a salmonid net-pen in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58, 404-410.
TUCKER, J., SHEATS, N., GIBLIN, A.E., HOPKINSON, C.S. & MONTOYA, J.P. (1999): Using stable isotopes to trace sewage-derived material through Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay. – Marine Environmental Research, 48, 353-375.
VALIELA, I. & BOWEN, J.L. (2002): Nitrogen sources to watersheds and estuaries: role of land cover mosaics and losses within watersheds. – Environmental Pollution, 118, 239-248.
VANDERKLIFT, M.A. & PONSARD, S. (2003): Sources of variation in consumer-diet δ15N enrichment: a meta-analysis. – Oecologia, 136, 169-182.
VITOUSEK, P.M., ABER, J.D., HOWARTH, R.W., Likens, G.E., Matson, P.A., Schindler, W.H., Schlesinger, W.H. & Tilman, D.G. (1997): Technical Report: Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Sources and Consequences. – Ecological Applications, 7/3, 737-750.
VIZZINI, S. & MAZZOLA, A. (2002): Stable carbon and nitrogen ratios in the sand smelt from a Mediterranean coastal area: feeding habits and effect of season and size. – Journal of Fish Biology, 60, 1498-1510.
VIZZINI, S. & MAZZOLA, A. (2006): The effects of anthropogenic organic matter inputs on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in organisms from different trophic levels in a southern Mediterranean coastal area. – Science of The Total Environment, 368, 723-731.
WALDRON, S., TATNER, P., JACK, I. & ARNOTT, C. (2001): The Impact of Sewage Discharge in a Marine Embayment: A Stable Isotope Reconnaissance, Estuarine and Coastal Shelf. – Science, 52, 111-115.
WASER, N. A. D., HARRISON, P. J., NIELSEN, B., CALVERT, S. E., TURPIN, D. H. (1998a): Nitrogen Isotope Fractionation During the Uptake and Assimilation of Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonium, and Urea by a Marine Diatom. - Limnology and Oceanography, 43/2, 215-224.
WASER, N. A. D., YIN, K., YU, Z., TADA, K., HARRISON, P., TURPIN, D. H., CALVERT, S. E. (1998b): Nitrogen isotope fractionation during nitrate, ammonium and urea uptake by marine diatoms and coccolithophores under various conditions of N availability. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, 169, 29-41.
ALONSO-RODRIGUEZ, R., PAEZ-OSUNA, F. & CORTES-ALTAMIRANO, R. (2000): Trophic Conditions and Stoichiometric Nutrient Balance in Subtropical Waters Influenced by Municipal Sewage Effluents in Mazatlan Bay (SE Gulf of California). – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40, 331-339.
BACHTIAR, T., COAKLEY, J.P. & RISK, M.J. (1996): Tracing sewage-contaminated sediments in Hamilton Harbour using selected geochemical indicators. – Science of The Total Environment, 179, 3-16.
BARRETT, M.H., HISCOCK, K.M., PEDLEY, S., LERNER, D.N., TELLAM, J.H. & FRENCH, M.J. (1999): Marker species for identifying urban groundwater recharge sources: A review and case study in Nottingham, UK. – Water Research, 33, 3083-3097.
BODE, A. & ALVAREZ-OSSORIO, M.T. (2004): Taxonomic versus trophic structure of mesozooplankton: a seasonal study of species succession and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in a coastal upwelling ecosystem. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61, 563-571.
CARMICHAEL, R.H., ANNETT, B. & VALIELA, I. (2004): Nitrogen loading to Pleasant Bay, Cape Cod: application of models and stable isotopes to detect incipient nutrient enrichment of estuaries. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48, 137-143.
COSTANZO, S.D., O'DONOHUE, M.J., DENNISON, W.C., LONERAGAN, N.R. & THOMAS, M. (2001): A New Approach for Detecting and Mapping Sewage Impacts. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 149-156.
COSTANZO, S.D., O'DONOHUE, M.J. & DENNISON, W.C. (2000): Gracilaria edulis (rhodophyta) as a biological indicator of pulsed nutrients in oligotrophic waters. – Journal of Phycology, 36, 680-685.
COSTANZO, S.D., O'DONOHUE, M.J. & DENNISON, W.C. (2003): Assessing the seasonal influence of sewage and agricultural nutrient inputs in a subtropical river estuary. – Estuaries 26, 857-865.
DAVIS, J.R. & KOOP, K. (2006): Eutrophication in Australian Rivers, Reservoirs and Estuaries – A Southern Hemisphere Perspective on the Science and its Implications. – Hydrobiologia, 559, 23-76.
DENIRO, M.I. & EPSTEIN, S. (1981): Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. – Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45, 341-351.
DOLENEC, T., LOJEN, S., KNIEWALD, G., DOLENEC, M. & ROGAN, N. (2007): Nitrogen stable isotope composition as a tracer of fish farming in invertebrates Aplysina aerophoba, Balanus perforatus and Anemonia sulcata in central Adriatic. – Aquaculture, 262, 237-249.
DOLENEC, T., LOJEN, S., LAMBAŠA, Ž. & DOLENEC, M. (2006a): Effects of fish farm loading on sea grass Posidonia oceanica at Vrgada Island (Central Adriatic): a nitrogen stable isotope study. – Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 42, 77-85.
DOLENEC, T., LOJEN, S., DOLENEC, M., LAMBAŠA, Ž., DOBNIKAR, M., ROGAN, N. (2006b): 15N and 13C Enrichment in Balanus perforatus: Tracers of Municipal Particulate Waste in the Murter Sea (Central Adriatic, Croatia). - Acta Chim. Slov., 53, 469-476.
DOLENEC, T., VOKAL, B. & DOLENEC, M. (2005): Nitrogen - 15 signals of anthropogenic nutrient loading in Anemonia sulcata as a possible indicator of human sewage impacts on marine coastal ecosystems: a case study of Pirovac Bay and the Murter Sea (Central Adriatic) . – Croatica Chemica Acta, 78, 593-600.
EVGENIDOU, A. & VALIELA, I. (2002): Response of Growth and Density of a Population of Geukensia demissa to Land-Derived Nitrogen Loading, in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, Estuarine. – Coastal and Shelf Science 55, 125-138.
FOGG, G.E., ROLSTON,D.E., DECKER, D.L., LOUIE, D.T., GRISMER, M.E. 1998: Spatial variation in nitrogen isotope values beneath nitrate contamination sources. - Ground Water 36, 418-426.
FRY, B. (1988): Food web structure on Georges Bank from stable C, N, and S isotopic compositions. – Limnology and Oceanography, 33, 1182-1190.
GASTON, T.F., KOSTOGLIDIS, A. & SUTHERS, I.M. (2004): The 13C, 15N and 34S signatures of a rocky reef planktivorous fish indicate different coastal discharges of sewage. – Marine and Freshwater Research, 55, 689-699.
HADWEN, W.L. & ARTHINGTON, A.H. (2007): Food webs of two intermittently open estuaries receiving 15N-enriched sewage effluent. – Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 71, 347-358.
HANSSON, S., HOBBIE, J.E., ELMGREN, R., LARSSON, U., FRY, B. & JOHANSSON, S. (1997): The stable nitrogen isotope ratio as a marker of food-web interactions and fish migration. – Ecology, 78, 2249-2257.
HEATON, T.H.E. (1986): Isotopic studies of nitrogen pollution in the hydrosphere and atmosphere: A review. – Chemical Geology, 59, 87-102.
HEIKOOP, J.M., RISK, M.J., LAZIER, A.V., EDINGER, E.H., JOMPA, J., LIMMON, G.V., DUNN, J.J., BROWNE, D.R. & SCHWARCZ, H.P. (2000): Nitrogen-15 Signals of Anthropogenic Nutrient Loading in Reef Corals. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40, 628-636.
HOBSON & WELCH (1992): Determination of trophic relationship within a high Arctic marine food web using d13C and d15N analysis. – Marine Ecology Progress Series, 84, 9-18.
HOBSON, K.A., FISK, A., KARNOVSKY, N., HOLST, M., GAGNON, J-M & FORTIER, M. (2002): A stable isotope (d13C, d15N) model for the North Water food web: implications for evaluating trophodynamics and the flow of energy and contaminants. – Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 49, 5131-5150.
HOWARTH, R.W. (1998): An assessment of human influences on fluxes of nitrogen from the terrestrial landscape to the estuaries and continental shelves of the North Atlantic Ocean. – Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 52, 213-223.
HOWARTH, R.W., SHARPLEY, A. & WALKER, D. (2002): Sources of Nutrient Pollution to Coastal Waters in the United States: Implications for Achieving Coastal Water Quality Goals. – Estuaries, 25, 656-676.
KENDALL, C. (1998): Tracing nitrogen sources and cycling in catchments. - In: KENDAL, C. & MCDONNELL, J.J. (eds.): Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. - Elsevier 1998, 519-576, New York
KREITLER, C.W. & BROWNING, L.A. (1983): Nitrogen-isotope analysis of groundwater nitrate in carbonate aquifers: Natural sources versus human pollution. – Journal of Hydrology, 61, 285-301.
KRESS, N., HERUT, B. & GALIL, B.S. (2004): Sewage sludge impact on sediment quality and benthic assemblages off the Mediterranean coast of Israel--a long-term study. – Marine Environmental Research, 57, 213-233.
MACKO, S.A. & OSTROM, N.E. (1994): Pollution studies using stable isotopes.- In: LAJTHA, K. & MICHENER, R.H. (eds.): Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science. – Blackwell Science, 45-62, New York.
MCCLELLAND, J.W., VALIELA, I. & MICHENER, R.H. (1997): Nitrogen-stable isotope signatures in estuarine food webs: A record of increasing urbanization in coastal watersheds. – Limnology and Oceanography, 42, 930-937.
MCCUTCHAN, J.H., LEWIS, W.M., KENDALL, C. & MCGRATH, C.C. (2003): Variation in trophic shift for stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. – Oikos, 102, 378-390.
MUSCATINE, L. & KAPLAN, I.R. (1994): Resource partitioning by reef corals as determined from stable isotope composition: II. d15N of zooxanthellae and animal tissue versus depth. –Pacific Science, 48, 304-312.
NIXON, S.W., OVIATT, C.A., FRITHSEN, J. & SULLIVAN, B. (1986): Nutrients and the productivity of estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems. – Journal of the Limnology Society of South Africa, 12, 43-71.
OWENS, N.J.P. (1987): Natural variations in N in the marine environment.- In: BLAXTER, J.H.S. & SOUTHWARD, A.J. (eds.): Advances in Marine Biology. – Academic Press, 389-451.
PRUELL, R.J., TAPLIN, B.K., LAKE, J.L. & JAYARAMAN, S. (2006): Nitrogen isotope ratios in estuarine biota collected along a nutrient gradient in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52, 612-620.
RABALAIS, N.N. (2002): Nitrogen in Aquatic Ecosystems, AMBIO. – A Journal of the Human Environment, 31, 102-112.
RISK, M.J. & ERDMANN, M.V. (2000): Isotopic Composition of Nitrogen in Stomatopod (Crustacea) Tissues as an Indicator of Human Sewage Impacts on Indonesian Coral Reefs. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40, 50-58.
RISK, M.J. & HEIKOOP, J.M. (1997): Stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (d15N) as a measure of sewage stress on tropical coal reefs. – Abstracts of Papers of the American chemical Society, 214, 68.
ROGERS, K.M. (2003): Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures indicate recovery of marine biota from sewage pollution at Moa Point, New Zealand. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 821-827.
RUIZ, J.M., PEREZ, M. & ROMERO, J. (2001): Effects of Fish Farm Loadings on Seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) Distribution, Growth and Photosynthesis. – Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 749-760.
SCHMIDT, O. & OSTLE, N.J. (1999): Tracing nitrogen derived from slurry in earthworms using 15N/14N stable isotope ratios at natural abundances. – Applied Soil Ecology, 12, 7-13.
SIGLEO, A.C. & MACKO S.A. (2002): Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes in Suspended Particles and Colloids, Chesapeake and San Francisco Estuaries, U.S.A. – Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 54/4, 701-711.
SPIES, R.B., KRUGER, H., IRELAND, R. & RICE, D.W. (1989): Stable isotope ratios and contaminant concentrations in a sewage-distorted food web. – Marine Ecology Progress Series, 54, 157-170.
SUTHERLAND, T.F., MARTIN, A.J. & LEVINGS, C.D. (2001): Characterization of suspended particulate matter surrounding a salmonid net-pen in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58, 404-410.
TUCKER, J., SHEATS, N., GIBLIN, A.E., HOPKINSON, C.S. & MONTOYA, J.P. (1999): Using stable isotopes to trace sewage-derived material through Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay. – Marine Environmental Research, 48, 353-375.
VALIELA, I. & BOWEN, J.L. (2002): Nitrogen sources to watersheds and estuaries: role of land cover mosaics and losses within watersheds. – Environmental Pollution, 118, 239-248.
VANDERKLIFT, M.A. & PONSARD, S. (2003): Sources of variation in consumer-diet δ15N enrichment: a meta-analysis. – Oecologia, 136, 169-182.
VITOUSEK, P.M., ABER, J.D., HOWARTH, R.W., Likens, G.E., Matson, P.A., Schindler, W.H., Schlesinger, W.H. & Tilman, D.G. (1997): Technical Report: Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Sources and Consequences. – Ecological Applications, 7/3, 737-750.
VIZZINI, S. & MAZZOLA, A. (2002): Stable carbon and nitrogen ratios in the sand smelt from a Mediterranean coastal area: feeding habits and effect of season and size. – Journal of Fish Biology, 60, 1498-1510.
VIZZINI, S. & MAZZOLA, A. (2006): The effects of anthropogenic organic matter inputs on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in organisms from different trophic levels in a southern Mediterranean coastal area. – Science of The Total Environment, 368, 723-731.
WALDRON, S., TATNER, P., JACK, I. & ARNOTT, C. (2001): The Impact of Sewage Discharge in a Marine Embayment: A Stable Isotope Reconnaissance, Estuarine and Coastal Shelf. – Science, 52, 111-115.
WASER, N. A. D., HARRISON, P. J., NIELSEN, B., CALVERT, S. E., TURPIN, D. H. (1998a): Nitrogen Isotope Fractionation During the Uptake and Assimilation of Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonium, and Urea by a Marine Diatom. - Limnology and Oceanography, 43/2, 215-224.
WASER, N. A. D., YIN, K., YU, Z., TADA, K., HARRISON, P., TURPIN, D. H., CALVERT, S. E. (1998b): Nitrogen isotope fractionation during nitrate, ammonium and urea uptake by marine diatoms and coccolithophores under various conditions of N availability. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, 169, 29-41.