Definition of the river Gacka springs subcatchment areas on the basis of hydrogeological parameters
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Published:
Dec 12, 2012
Keywords:
hydrogeology, karst spring, hydrology analysis, hydrogeochemistry, river Gacka springs
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Abstract
The river Gacka springs catchment area is located in the Dinaric karst, which is globally known as the locus typicus, or classical Karst. It is composed of four major and several minor karst springs of different discharge rates. The river Gacka springs are characterised by great discharge and exceptional quality, so the catchment area of the river is indicated in the Water Management Strategy (OFFICIAL GAZETTE NO. 91/08) as an area with strategically important eserves of drinking water for the Republic of Croatia. To determine the hydrogeological characteristics of he subcatchments of this large and complex aquifer system, hydrological and hydrochemical parameters were measured on the main springs. Data collected on the springs were analysed using the recession analysis by the „matching strip“ method, the statistical analysis of a time series of measured data both by autocorrelation (analysis of individual series) and by cross-correlation methods (analysis of interrelationships between time series), multivarilate statistical analysis (Factor Analysis) of hydrochemical parameters using the software package STATISTICA 6.0 (1998), and geochemical modelling of hydrochemical parameters using the NETPATH computer program. Interpretation of lithological, structural and tectonic characteristics of the rocks, together with tracing data and the applied analytical methods, allowed the springs catchment of the river Gacka to be divided into three subcatchments. The results of this study imply the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to research.
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References
BAHUN, S. (1974): Tektogeneza Velebita i postanak Jelar naslaga[The tectogenesis of the Mt. Velebit and the formation of Jelar deposits]. Geol. Vjesnik, 27, 35-51.
BAHUN, S. & FRITZ, F. (1975): Hidrogeološke specifičnosti Jelarnaslaga [Hydrogeological specificities of the Jelar breccias – in Croatian]. Geol. vjesnik, 28, 345–355.
BAKALOWICZ, M. (2005): Karst groundwater: a challenge for new resources. Hydrogeology Journal 13, 148-160, doi:10.1007/s10040-004-0402-9.
BIONDIĆ, R., BIONDIĆ, B. & MEAŠKI, H. (2010): Novelacija granica zona sanitarne zaštite izvorišta Gacke [Gacka spring sanitary protection zone novelation - in Croatian]. Geotehnical faculty, University of Zagreb, 115 p.
BONACCI, O. (1987): Karst Hydrology with Special Reference to the Dinaric Karst. Springer-Verlag-Berlin-Heidelberg, 9/4, 328–338.
BONACCI, O. (1995): Međuzavisnost geologije, hidrogeologije i hidrologije pri rješavanju hidrotehničkih problema. [The interdependence of geology, hydrogeology and hydrology in solving hydraulic problems - in Croatian] First Croatian geological congress, Book of Proceedings, 1, 105-108.
BONACCI, O. & ANDRIĆ, I. (2008): Sinking karst rivers hydrology: case of the Lika and Gacka/Croatia. Acta Carsologica 37/2, 185-196.
BOX, G.E.P. & JENKINS, G.M. (1974): Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control. Holden Day, San Francisco, 575 p.
CLARK, I. & FRITZ, P. (1997): Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. CRC Press, New York, pp. 20, 174–188.
CRAIG, H. (1961): Isotope variations in meteoric waters. Science 133, 1702-1703.
DAVIS, J.C. (2002): Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology. Cansas geological survey. The University of Cansas, third edition, USA, 638 p.
DEWANDEL, B., LACHASSAGNEB, P., BAKALOWICZ, M., WENGB, P. & AL-MALKI, A. (2003): Evaluation of aquifer thickness by analysing recession hydrographs. Application to the Evaluation Oman ophiolite hard-rock aquifer. J. Hydrol., 274, 248–269, doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00418-3.
DOCTOR, D. H., LOJEN, S. & HORVAT, M. (2000): A stable isotope investigation of the classical Karst aquifer: evaluating karst groundwater components for water quality preservation. Acta carsologica 29/1, 5, 79-92.
EISENLOHR, L., BOUZELBOUDJEN, M., KIRALY, L. & ROSSIER, Y. (1997): Numerical versus statistical modelling of natural response of a karst hydrogeological system. J. Hydrol. 202, 244-262.
FIORILLO, F. & DOGLIONI, A. (2010): The relation between karst spring discharge and rainfall by cross-correlation analysis (Campania, southern Italy). Hydrogeology Journal, 18/8, 1881-1895, doi:10.1007/s10040-010-0666-1.
FRIEDMAN, I. (1953): Deuterium content of natural waters and other substances. Geochim. et. Cosmochim. Acta 4, 89-103.
GAJIĆ-ČAPKA, M., PERĆEC TADIĆ, M. & PATARČIĆ, M. (2003): Digitalna godišnja oborinska karta Hrvatske. [A Digital Annual Precipitation Map of Croatia – in Croatian] Hrvatski meteorološki časopis (Croatian Meteorological Journal), 38, 21-33.
GRASSO, D.A. & JEANNIN, P-Y. (1994): Etude critique des méthodes d’analyse de la réponse globale des systèmes karstiques. Application au site de Bure (JU, Suisse), Bulletin d’Hydrogéologie de l’Université de Neuchâtel, 13, 87-113.
KENDALL, C. & MCDONNELL, J. J. (1998): Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, 839 p.
KREŠIĆ, N. (1997): Quantitative solutions in hydrogeology and groundwater modeling. Lewis Publishers, New York, 461 p.
LAROCQUE, M., MANGIN, A., RAZACK, M. & BANTON, O. (1997): Contribution of correlation and spectral analyses to the regional study of a large karst aquifer (Charente, France). J. Hydrol., 205, 217-231, doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00155-8.
LAROCQUE, M., BANTON, O. & RAZACK, M. (2000): Transient State History Matching of a Karst Aquifer Ground Water Flow Model. Ground Water 38/6, 939-946.
LUKAČ REBERSKI, J. (2008): Hidrogeološka i hidrogeokemijska osnova za defi niranje slijeva Gacke i zaštita njenog izvorišta [Hydro geological and hydrogeochemical basis for the catchment area defi nition: River Gacka springs catchment area – in Croatian]. Unpubl. Master’s Thesis. Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu (Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering, University of Zagreb), 118 p.
LUKAČ REBERSKI, J., KAPELJ, S. & TERZIĆ, J. (2009): An estimation of groundwater type and origin of the complex karst catchment using hydrological and hydrogeochemical parameters: A case study of the river Gacka springs, Geologia Croatica, 62/3, 157-178, doi: 10.4154/gc.2009.15.
LUKAČ REBERSKI, J. (2011): Određivanje podsljevova izvorišta rijeke Gacke na osnovi hidrogeoloških parametara [Definition of the river Gacka springs subcatchment areas on the basis of hydrogeological parametars – in Croatian]. Unpubl. Doctoral Thesis. Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu (Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering, University of Zagreb), 158 p.
MANDIĆ, M., BOJIĆ, D., ROLLER-LUTZ, Z., LUTZ, H. & BRONIĆ KRAJCAR, I. (2008): Note on the spring region of Gacka River (Croatia). Isotop. Envir. Health Studies, 44/2, 201-208, doi:10.1080/10256010802066364.
MANGIN, A. (1981): Utilisation des analyses corré1atoire et spectrale dans l'approche des systémes hydrologiques. Computers Rendues Acad. Sci. Paris, 293, 401-404.
MANGIN, A. (1984): Pour une meilleure connaissance des systemes hydrologiques a partir des analyses correlatoire et spectrale. J. Hydrol. 67, 25-43.
OFFICIAL GAZETTE NO. 91 (2008): Strategija upravljanja vodama [Water Management Strategy – in Croatian].
OFFICIAL GAZETTE NO. 47 (2008): Pravilnik o zdravstvenoj ispravnosti vode za piće [Drinking water regulations – in Croatian].
PADILLA, A., PULIDO-BOSCH, A. & MANGIN, A. (1994): Relative importance of Baseflow and Quickfl ow from Hydrographs of Karst Spring.– Ground Water, 32/2, 267-277.
PANAGOPOULOS, G. & LAMBRAKIS, N. (2006): The contribution of time series analysis to the study of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the karst systems: Application on two typical karst aquifers of Greece (Trifilia, Almyros Crete). J. Hydrol., 329/3-4, 368-376, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.02.023.
PARLOV, J. (2010): Identifikacija parametara za modeliranje toka podzemne vode glavnih izvora u porječju Mirne.[ Identification of Parameters Used for Groundwater Modeling of Major Springs in the Mirna River Valley – in Croatian] Unpubl. Doctoral Thesis. Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu (Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering, University of Zagreb), 111 p.
PAVIČIĆ, A., KAPELJ, S. & LUKAČ, J. (2003): The influence of the Highway on the protected spring of Gacka river. RMZ – Materials and geoenvironment 50/1, 289–292.
PLUMMER, L.N., PRESTEMON, E.C. & PARKHURST, D.L. (1994): An interactive code (NETPATH) for modelling net geochemical reactions alog a fl ow path, Version 2.0, USGS; Water-Resources Investigations Report 94–4169, Reston, Virginia.
POSAVEC, K., BAČANI, A. & NAKIć, Z. (2006): A Visual Basic Spreadsheet Macro for Recession Curve Analysis. Ground Water, 44/5, 764–767, doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00226.x.
POSAVEC, K., PARLOV, J. & NAKIĆ, Z. (2010): Fully Automated Objective-Based Method for Master Recession Curve Separation. Ground Water, 48/4, 598-603, DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2009.00669.x.
PRELOGOVIĆ, E. (1989): Neotektonski pokreti u području sjevernogVelebita i dijela Like [Neotectonic movements in northern Velebit and part of Lika – in Croatian]. Geol. vjesnik, 42, 133–147.
RIGGS, H.C. (1968): Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey, Chapter A1, Some statistical tools in hydrology. Book 4, 39 p.
STROJ, A. (2010): Podzemni tokovi u zaleđu krških priobalnih izvora na području Velebitskog kanala. [ Underground water flows in the hinterland of the velebit channel coastal karst springs ] Unpubl. Doctoral Thesis. Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu (Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering, University of Zagreb), 259 p.
TALLAKSEN, L.M. (1995): A review of baseflow recession analysis. J. Hydrol., 165/1–4, 349–370, doi: 10.1016/0022-1694(95)92779-D.
TERZIĆ, J., STROJ, A. & FRANGEN, T. (2011): Hydrogeologic investigation of karst system properties by common use of diverse methods: a case study of Lička Jesenica springs in Dinaric karst of Croatia. Hydrological processes. doi:10.1002/hyp.9194
TOMASKO, D, FISHER, A., WILLIAMS, G. P. & PENTECOST, E.D. (2001): A statistical study of the hydrological character of the Edwards aquifer. Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago for the U.S. Department of Energy, 34 p, doi:10.1061/40856(200)149.
VANDENSCHRICKA, G., VAN WESEMAELA, B., FROTA, E., PULIDO-BOSCH, A., MOLINAB, L., STIEVENARDC, M., SOUCHEZD, R. (2002): Using stable isotope analysis (δD–δ18O) to characterise the regional hydrology of the Sierra de Gador, south east Spain, J. Hydrol., 265, 43–55, .doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00097-5.
VLAHOVIĆ, I., TIŠLJAR, J. & VELIĆ, I. (2009): Tercijarne karbonatne breče (paleogen-neogen- Pg, Ng) [Tertiary Carbonate Breccia, PG-Ng – in Croatian] In: Velić, I. & Vlahović, I. (2009): Tumač Geološke karte Republike Hrvatske 1:300000 [Explanatory Notes of the Geological Map of the Republic of Croatia in 1:300.000 Scale], Croatian geological survey, 141 p.
ZANINOVIĆ, K., SRNEC, L., PERČEC-TADIĆ, M. (2004): Digitalna godišnja temperaturna karta Hrvatske [A Digital Annual Temperature Map of Croatia – in Croatian]. Hrvatski meteorološki časopis (Croatian Meteorological Journal), 39, 51-58, Zagreb.
ŽUGAJ, R. (2000): Hidrologija [Hydrology – in Croatian] Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu (Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering, University of Zagreb), 407 p.
BAHUN, S. & FRITZ, F. (1975): Hidrogeološke specifičnosti Jelarnaslaga [Hydrogeological specificities of the Jelar breccias – in Croatian]. Geol. vjesnik, 28, 345–355.
BAKALOWICZ, M. (2005): Karst groundwater: a challenge for new resources. Hydrogeology Journal 13, 148-160, doi:10.1007/s10040-004-0402-9.
BIONDIĆ, R., BIONDIĆ, B. & MEAŠKI, H. (2010): Novelacija granica zona sanitarne zaštite izvorišta Gacke [Gacka spring sanitary protection zone novelation - in Croatian]. Geotehnical faculty, University of Zagreb, 115 p.
BONACCI, O. (1987): Karst Hydrology with Special Reference to the Dinaric Karst. Springer-Verlag-Berlin-Heidelberg, 9/4, 328–338.
BONACCI, O. (1995): Međuzavisnost geologije, hidrogeologije i hidrologije pri rješavanju hidrotehničkih problema. [The interdependence of geology, hydrogeology and hydrology in solving hydraulic problems - in Croatian] First Croatian geological congress, Book of Proceedings, 1, 105-108.
BONACCI, O. & ANDRIĆ, I. (2008): Sinking karst rivers hydrology: case of the Lika and Gacka/Croatia. Acta Carsologica 37/2, 185-196.
BOX, G.E.P. & JENKINS, G.M. (1974): Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control. Holden Day, San Francisco, 575 p.
CLARK, I. & FRITZ, P. (1997): Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. CRC Press, New York, pp. 20, 174–188.
CRAIG, H. (1961): Isotope variations in meteoric waters. Science 133, 1702-1703.
DAVIS, J.C. (2002): Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology. Cansas geological survey. The University of Cansas, third edition, USA, 638 p.
DEWANDEL, B., LACHASSAGNEB, P., BAKALOWICZ, M., WENGB, P. & AL-MALKI, A. (2003): Evaluation of aquifer thickness by analysing recession hydrographs. Application to the Evaluation Oman ophiolite hard-rock aquifer. J. Hydrol., 274, 248–269, doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00418-3.
DOCTOR, D. H., LOJEN, S. & HORVAT, M. (2000): A stable isotope investigation of the classical Karst aquifer: evaluating karst groundwater components for water quality preservation. Acta carsologica 29/1, 5, 79-92.
EISENLOHR, L., BOUZELBOUDJEN, M., KIRALY, L. & ROSSIER, Y. (1997): Numerical versus statistical modelling of natural response of a karst hydrogeological system. J. Hydrol. 202, 244-262.
FIORILLO, F. & DOGLIONI, A. (2010): The relation between karst spring discharge and rainfall by cross-correlation analysis (Campania, southern Italy). Hydrogeology Journal, 18/8, 1881-1895, doi:10.1007/s10040-010-0666-1.
FRIEDMAN, I. (1953): Deuterium content of natural waters and other substances. Geochim. et. Cosmochim. Acta 4, 89-103.
GAJIĆ-ČAPKA, M., PERĆEC TADIĆ, M. & PATARČIĆ, M. (2003): Digitalna godišnja oborinska karta Hrvatske. [A Digital Annual Precipitation Map of Croatia – in Croatian] Hrvatski meteorološki časopis (Croatian Meteorological Journal), 38, 21-33.
GRASSO, D.A. & JEANNIN, P-Y. (1994): Etude critique des méthodes d’analyse de la réponse globale des systèmes karstiques. Application au site de Bure (JU, Suisse), Bulletin d’Hydrogéologie de l’Université de Neuchâtel, 13, 87-113.
KENDALL, C. & MCDONNELL, J. J. (1998): Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, 839 p.
KREŠIĆ, N. (1997): Quantitative solutions in hydrogeology and groundwater modeling. Lewis Publishers, New York, 461 p.
LAROCQUE, M., MANGIN, A., RAZACK, M. & BANTON, O. (1997): Contribution of correlation and spectral analyses to the regional study of a large karst aquifer (Charente, France). J. Hydrol., 205, 217-231, doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00155-8.
LAROCQUE, M., BANTON, O. & RAZACK, M. (2000): Transient State History Matching of a Karst Aquifer Ground Water Flow Model. Ground Water 38/6, 939-946.
LUKAČ REBERSKI, J. (2008): Hidrogeološka i hidrogeokemijska osnova za defi niranje slijeva Gacke i zaštita njenog izvorišta [Hydro geological and hydrogeochemical basis for the catchment area defi nition: River Gacka springs catchment area – in Croatian]. Unpubl. Master’s Thesis. Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu (Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering, University of Zagreb), 118 p.
LUKAČ REBERSKI, J., KAPELJ, S. & TERZIĆ, J. (2009): An estimation of groundwater type and origin of the complex karst catchment using hydrological and hydrogeochemical parameters: A case study of the river Gacka springs, Geologia Croatica, 62/3, 157-178, doi: 10.4154/gc.2009.15.
LUKAČ REBERSKI, J. (2011): Određivanje podsljevova izvorišta rijeke Gacke na osnovi hidrogeoloških parametara [Definition of the river Gacka springs subcatchment areas on the basis of hydrogeological parametars – in Croatian]. Unpubl. Doctoral Thesis. Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu (Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering, University of Zagreb), 158 p.
MANDIĆ, M., BOJIĆ, D., ROLLER-LUTZ, Z., LUTZ, H. & BRONIĆ KRAJCAR, I. (2008): Note on the spring region of Gacka River (Croatia). Isotop. Envir. Health Studies, 44/2, 201-208, doi:10.1080/10256010802066364.
MANGIN, A. (1981): Utilisation des analyses corré1atoire et spectrale dans l'approche des systémes hydrologiques. Computers Rendues Acad. Sci. Paris, 293, 401-404.
MANGIN, A. (1984): Pour une meilleure connaissance des systemes hydrologiques a partir des analyses correlatoire et spectrale. J. Hydrol. 67, 25-43.
OFFICIAL GAZETTE NO. 91 (2008): Strategija upravljanja vodama [Water Management Strategy – in Croatian].
OFFICIAL GAZETTE NO. 47 (2008): Pravilnik o zdravstvenoj ispravnosti vode za piće [Drinking water regulations – in Croatian].
PADILLA, A., PULIDO-BOSCH, A. & MANGIN, A. (1994): Relative importance of Baseflow and Quickfl ow from Hydrographs of Karst Spring.– Ground Water, 32/2, 267-277.
PANAGOPOULOS, G. & LAMBRAKIS, N. (2006): The contribution of time series analysis to the study of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the karst systems: Application on two typical karst aquifers of Greece (Trifilia, Almyros Crete). J. Hydrol., 329/3-4, 368-376, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.02.023.
PARLOV, J. (2010): Identifikacija parametara za modeliranje toka podzemne vode glavnih izvora u porječju Mirne.[ Identification of Parameters Used for Groundwater Modeling of Major Springs in the Mirna River Valley – in Croatian] Unpubl. Doctoral Thesis. Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu (Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering, University of Zagreb), 111 p.
PAVIČIĆ, A., KAPELJ, S. & LUKAČ, J. (2003): The influence of the Highway on the protected spring of Gacka river. RMZ – Materials and geoenvironment 50/1, 289–292.
PLUMMER, L.N., PRESTEMON, E.C. & PARKHURST, D.L. (1994): An interactive code (NETPATH) for modelling net geochemical reactions alog a fl ow path, Version 2.0, USGS; Water-Resources Investigations Report 94–4169, Reston, Virginia.
POSAVEC, K., BAČANI, A. & NAKIć, Z. (2006): A Visual Basic Spreadsheet Macro for Recession Curve Analysis. Ground Water, 44/5, 764–767, doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00226.x.
POSAVEC, K., PARLOV, J. & NAKIĆ, Z. (2010): Fully Automated Objective-Based Method for Master Recession Curve Separation. Ground Water, 48/4, 598-603, DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2009.00669.x.
PRELOGOVIĆ, E. (1989): Neotektonski pokreti u području sjevernogVelebita i dijela Like [Neotectonic movements in northern Velebit and part of Lika – in Croatian]. Geol. vjesnik, 42, 133–147.
RIGGS, H.C. (1968): Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey, Chapter A1, Some statistical tools in hydrology. Book 4, 39 p.
STROJ, A. (2010): Podzemni tokovi u zaleđu krških priobalnih izvora na području Velebitskog kanala. [ Underground water flows in the hinterland of the velebit channel coastal karst springs ] Unpubl. Doctoral Thesis. Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu (Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering, University of Zagreb), 259 p.
TALLAKSEN, L.M. (1995): A review of baseflow recession analysis. J. Hydrol., 165/1–4, 349–370, doi: 10.1016/0022-1694(95)92779-D.
TERZIĆ, J., STROJ, A. & FRANGEN, T. (2011): Hydrogeologic investigation of karst system properties by common use of diverse methods: a case study of Lička Jesenica springs in Dinaric karst of Croatia. Hydrological processes. doi:10.1002/hyp.9194
TOMASKO, D, FISHER, A., WILLIAMS, G. P. & PENTECOST, E.D. (2001): A statistical study of the hydrological character of the Edwards aquifer. Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago for the U.S. Department of Energy, 34 p, doi:10.1061/40856(200)149.
VANDENSCHRICKA, G., VAN WESEMAELA, B., FROTA, E., PULIDO-BOSCH, A., MOLINAB, L., STIEVENARDC, M., SOUCHEZD, R. (2002): Using stable isotope analysis (δD–δ18O) to characterise the regional hydrology of the Sierra de Gador, south east Spain, J. Hydrol., 265, 43–55, .doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00097-5.
VLAHOVIĆ, I., TIŠLJAR, J. & VELIĆ, I. (2009): Tercijarne karbonatne breče (paleogen-neogen- Pg, Ng) [Tertiary Carbonate Breccia, PG-Ng – in Croatian] In: Velić, I. & Vlahović, I. (2009): Tumač Geološke karte Republike Hrvatske 1:300000 [Explanatory Notes of the Geological Map of the Republic of Croatia in 1:300.000 Scale], Croatian geological survey, 141 p.
ZANINOVIĆ, K., SRNEC, L., PERČEC-TADIĆ, M. (2004): Digitalna godišnja temperaturna karta Hrvatske [A Digital Annual Temperature Map of Croatia – in Croatian]. Hrvatski meteorološki časopis (Croatian Meteorological Journal), 39, 51-58, Zagreb.
ŽUGAJ, R. (2000): Hidrologija [Hydrology – in Croatian] Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu (Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering, University of Zagreb), 407 p.