Metal deposition in deep sediments from the Central and South Adriatic Sea
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Published:
Oct 27, 2014
Keywords:
trace metals, accumulation rate, marine sediment record, Adriatic Sea, Eastern Adriatic Current, enrichment factors
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Abstract
Geochemical analysis and trace element distribution were performed on the marine sediments from short cores (30 to 50 cm) from the Middle (Jabuka and Palagruža pits, depth 230 m and 170 m respectively) and South Adriatic Sea (depth 1030 m) and the Albanian offshore (50 m depth). The distribution and mineralogy of trace elements (As, Co, Cd, Cu Cr, Ni, Zn, Hg, and Pb) and major elements (Al, Ca and Mn) in the sediments is presented. Sediments are highly heterogeneous and consist of carbonate and detrital aluminosilicates. The main mineral phase is calcite, followed by quartz, feldspars, micas and clay minerals (smectite, chlorite, illite and kaolinite). The cores were dated using 137Cs. The cores from the South Adriatic Pit and Palagruža Sill gave estimated sedimentation rates of 1.8 mm y-1 and 3.1 mm y-1 in Jabuka Pit. Distributions of Ni and Cr showed that they can be used as tracers of sediment provenance along the southern part of the Eastern Adriatic Current. Calculated enrichment factors for Pb, Cd and Hg are highest in the top 2 cm of the cores. Mercury shows the highest degree of enrichment in 0-2 cm sediment intervals (the highest in the Albania core). Generally the estimated surface enrichment follows the order: Hg>Pb>Cd. No enrichment was found for Zn, Ni and Cr.
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References
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CHAILLOU, G., SCHÄFER, J., BLANC, G. & ANSCHUTZ, P. (2008): Mobility of Mo, U, As, and Sb within modern turbidites.– Mar. Geol. 254/3–4, 171–179.
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COVELLI, S., PIANI, R., ACQUAVITA, A., PREDONZANI, S. & FAGANELI, J. (2007): Transport and dispersion of particulate Hg associated with a river plume in coastal Northern Adriatic environments.– Mar. Poll. Bull. 55, 436–450.
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DI LEONARDO, R., TRANCHIDA, G., BELLANCA, A., NERI, R., ANGELONE, M & MAZZOLA S. (2006): Mercury levels in sediments of central Mediterranean Sea: A 150+ year record from box-cores recovered in the Strait of Sicily. – Environ. Chem. 65/11, 2366–2376.
DINELLI, E. & LUCCHINI, F. (1999): Sediment supply to the Adriatic sea basin from the Italian rivers: geochemical features and environmental constraints.– Giorn. Geol. 61, 121–132.
DINELLI, E., TATEO, F. & SUMMA, V. (2007): Geochemical and mineralogical proxies for grain size in mudstones and siltstones from the Pleistocene and Holocene of the Po River Alluvial Plain, Italy.– Geolog. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 420, 25–36.
DOLENEC, T. (2003): Ferromanganese coated structures from the Jabuka Pit (Central Adriatic): Mineralogical, geochemical and genetic considerations.– Croat. Chem. Acta 76/3, 201–215.
DOLENEC, T, FAGANELI, J. & PIRC, S. (1998): Major, minor and trace elements in surficial sediments from the open Adriatic Sea: A regional geochemical study.– Geologia Croatica 51/1, 59–73.
EBERL, D.D. (2003): User guide to RockJock – a program for determining quantitative mineralogy from x-ray diffraction data. US Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 03-78.
EICHLER, A., TOBLER, L., EYRIKH, S., GRAMLICH, G., MALYGINA, N., PAPINA, T., & SCHWIKOWSKI, M. (2012): Three Centuries of Eastern European and Altai Lead Emissions recorded in a Belukha Ice Core. Environ.– Sci. Technol. 46, 4323−4330.
EMILI, A., ACQUAVITA, A., KORON, N., COVELLI, S., FAGANELI, J., HORVAT, M., ŽIŽEK, S. & FAJON, V. (2012): Benthic flux measurements of Hg species in a northern Adriatic lagoon environment (Marano and Grado Lagoon, Italy).– Est., Coast. Shelf Sci. 113, 71–84.
FAGANELI, J., HORVAT, M., COVELLI, S., FAJON, V., LOGAR, M., LIPEJ, L. & CERMELJ, B. (2003): Mercury methylmercury in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea).– Sci. Tot. Env. 304, 315–326.
FERGUSON, J.E. (1990): The heavy metals: chemistry, environmental impact and health effects.– Pergamon, New York, p 412.
FÖRSTNER, U. & WITTMANN, G.T.W. (1981): Metal pollution in the aquatic environment.– Springer, Heidelberg, p 486.
FRIGNANI, M., SORGENTE, D., LANGONE, L., ALBERTAZZI, S. & RAVAIOLI, M., (2004): Behavior of Chernobyl radiocesium in sediments of the Adriatic Sea off the Po River delta and the Emilia-Romagna coast.– J. Environ. Radioactiv. 71, 299–312.
FRIGNANI, M., LANGONE, L., RAVAIOLI, M., SORGENTE, D., ALVISI, F. & ALBERTAZZI, S. (2005): Fine-sediment mass balance in the western Adriatic contitnental shelf over a century time scale.– Mar. Geol. 222-223, 113–133.
GIANI, M., DJAKOVAC, T., DEGOBBIS, D., COZZI, S., SOLIDORO, C. & FONDA UMANI, S. (2012): Recent changes in the marine ecosystems of the northern Adriatic Sea.– Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 115, 1–13.
GOUDEAU, M.L.S., GRAUEL, A.L. & BERNASCONI, S.M. (2013): Provenance of surface sediments along the southeastern Adriatic coast off Italy: An overview.– Est. Coast. Sh. Sci. 134, 45–56.
HALAMIĆ, J., PEH, Z., MIKO, S., GALOVIĆ, L. & ŠORŠA, A. (2012): Geochemical Atlas of Cratia: Environmental Implications and Geochemical Thread. – J. Geoch. Explor. 115, 36–46.
JUNG, H.S., LEE, C.B., CHO, Y.G. & KANG, J.K. (1996): A mechanism for the enrichment of Cu and depletion of Mn in anoxic marine sediments, Banweol intertidal flat, Korea.– Mar. Poll. Bull. 32/11, 782–787.
LEDER, N. (2004): Adriatic Sea Pilot. Part B-1. Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia.
LI, Y.H. (1981): Geochemical cycles of elements and human perturbation. – Geoch. Cosmoch. Acta 45, 2073–2084.
LOVRENČIĆ MIKELIĆ, I., OREŠČANIN, V. & BARIŠIĆ, D. (2013): Distribution and origin of major, minor, and trace elements in sediments and sedimentary rocks of the Kaštela Bay (Croatia) coastal area.– J. Geoch. Expl. 128, 1–13.
LUCCHINI, F., DINELLI, E. & MORDENTI, A. (2003): Geochemical records of palaeoenvironmental changes during Late Quaternary in the Adriatic Sea sediments.– GeoActa 2, 43–62.
MASON, R.P., CHOI, A.L., FITZGERALD, W.F., HAMMERSCHMIDT, C.R., LAMBORG, C.H., SOERENSEN, A.L. & SUNDERLAND, E.M. (2012): Mercury biogeochemical cycling in the ocean and policy implications.– Environ. Res. 119, 101–117.
MIKO, S., HALAMIĆ, J., PEH, Z. & GALOVIĆ, L. (2001): Geochemical Baseline Mapping of Soils Developed on Diverse Bedrock from Two Regions in Croatia. – Geologia Croatica 54/1, 53–118.
MIKO, S., KOCH, G., MESIĆ, S., ŠPARICA MIKO, M., ŠPARICA, M., VREČA, P. & DOLENEC, T. (2007): Influence of land use in small karst watersheds on chemical status of peloid sediments on the Eastern Adriatic Coast. – J. Soils Sed. 7/5, 303–312.
MOORE, D.M. & REYNOLDS, R.C. (1997): X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals. – Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, New York, p. 332.
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