Landslide inventory and characteristics, based on LiDAR scanning and optimised field investigations in the Kutina area, Croatia
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Feb 28, 2022
Keywords:
landslides, inventory, LiDAR, landslide identification confidence level, slides, earthflows, relative age, roughness, gullies
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Abstract
This paper presents the preliminary results of analyses of landsliding processes derived from detailed LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) scans supported by field prospection on the south-western slopes of Mt. Moslavačka gora, in the wider Kutina area. This area is known for frequent landslides, but dedicated regional landslide research has not been previously undertaken.
High resolution LiDAR scanning and orthophoto imaging enabled the production of a reliable landslide inventory, but also enabled research on landslide properties and the morphology of the area. Field mapping and prospection, sampling and borehole coring assisted in the collection of information about the material characteristics and specific features of typical landslides. In the research area, which covers more than 71 km2, more than 1200 very small landslides were detected. The majority of landslides were discovered in just several geological units indicating their high susceptibility: Pleistocene silts and sands with clayey interlayers, followed by M2 silty sands and gravels, and M7 sands. Nearly half of the landslides are estimated to be of recent and younger age, while other landslides may be considered as being historical implying a “long tradition” of landslide events in the research area. Preliminary terrain surface roughness analysis also supported the conclusion that the inventory contains landslides of several historical generations which are still detectable. In addition to slides (1123), this research also discovered numerous earthflow processes (143), which are more frequent in the predominantly sandy units.
The landslides in this area are largely located on the banks of the gullies and are directly related to the action of water. Regarding that situation and the engineering properties of the encountered geological units, four types of bank instabilities can be differentiated: slides on top of rock masses; slides in firm soil mixtures; landslides in sands; landslides in predominantly coherent soil complexes.
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References
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ČUBRILOVIĆ, P., PALAVESTRIĆ, LJ., NIKOLIĆ, T. (1967): Inženjersko geološka karta SFR Jugoslavije 1:500000 Engineering-Geological Map of SFR of Yugoslavia Scale 1:500 000 – in Croatian].– Institute for geological and geophysical research - Belgrade.
FANOS, A.M., PRADHAN, B. (2018): Laser Scanning Systems and Techniques in Rockfall Source Identification and Risk Assessment: A Critical Review.– Earth Systems and Environment 2, 163–182. doi: 10.1007/s41748-018-0046-x
FELL, R. (1994): Landslide risk assessment and acceptable risk.- Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 31, 261-272. doi: 10.1139/t94-031
GARRISS, R. N. (2019): Modeling Surface Roughness as an Indicator of Age and Landslide Susceptibility, and the Spatial Inventory of Prehistoric Landslides: Green River Valley, Washington.– Portland State University, Dissertations and Theses, Paper 5175, 79. doi: 10.15760/etd.7051
GÖRÜM, T. (2019): Landslide recognition and mapping in a mixed forest environment from airborne LiDAR data.– Engineering Geology, 258, 1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105155
GRIZELJ, A., PEH, Z., TIBLJAŠ, D., KOVAČIĆ, M., KUREČIĆ, T. (2017): Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Miocene pelitic sedimentary rocks from the south-western part of the Pannonian Basin System (Croatia): Implications for provenance studies.– Geosci. Front. 8 /1; 65-80. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2015.11.009
GROHMANN, C. H., SMITH, M. J. & RICCOMINI, C. (2011): Multi-scale Analysis of Topographic Surface Roughness in the Midland Valley, Scotland.– IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49, 1200-1213. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2010.2053546
GUZZETTI, F., MONDINI, A. C., CARDINALI, M., FIORUCCI, F., SANTANGELO, M., CHANG K. T. (2012) Landslide inventory maps: new tools for an old problem.- Earth-Science Reviews, 112/1–2, 42–66. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.02.001
HARZHAUSER, M & PILLER, W. E. (2007): Benchmark data of a changing sea – Paleogeography, Paleobiogeography and events in the Central Paratethys during the Miocene.– Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. Palaeoeoc., 253, 8–31. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.031
HIGHLAND, L.M. & BOBROWSKY, P. (2008): The landslide handbook – A guide to understanding landslides.– Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey Circular, 1325, 129.
HORVÁTH, F., ROYDEN, L.H. (1981): Mechanism for the Formation of the Intra-Carpathian Basins: A Review.– Earth Sci. Reviews, 3-4, 307-316.
ISO 14688-1:2002 (2002): Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of soil — Part 1: Identification and description, 12 p.
JABOYEDOFF, M., OPPIKOFER, T., ABELLÁN, A., DERRON, M.H., LOYE, A., METZGER, R. & PEDRAZZINI, A. (2012): Use of LIDAR in landslide investigations: a review.– Natural Hazards, 61, 5–28. doi: 10.1007/s11069-010-9634-2
JAGODNIK, P., JAGODNIK, V., ARBANAS, Ž. & MIHALIĆ ARBANAS, S. (2020): Landslide types in the Slani Potok gully, Croatia.– Geol. Croat., 73/1, 13–28. doi: 10.4154/gc.2020.04
KEATON, J.R. & DEGRAFF, J.V. (1996): Surface observations and geologic mapping.- In: TURNER, A.K. AND SCHUSTER, R.L. (eds): Landslides – Investigation and Mitigation.– National Research Council, Washington, DC., 178–230.
KOROLIJA, B., VRAGOVIĆ, M., CRNKO, J. & MAMUŽIĆ, P. (1986): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100.000, list Bjelovar, [Basic Geological Map of SFRY, 1:100000, Geology of the Bjelovar sheet – in Croatian].– Institut za geološka istraživanja, Zagreb, Savezni geološki zavod, Beograd, 45 p.
KOVÁČ, M., HALÁSOVÁ, E., HUDÁČKOVÁ, N., HOLCOVÁ, K., HYŽNÝ, M., JAMRICH, M., & RUMAN, A. (2018): Towards better correlation of the Central Paratethys regional time scale with the standard geological time scale of the Miocene Epoch.– Geol. Carpath., 69, 3, 283–300. doi: 10.1515/geoca-2018-0017
KOVAČIĆ, M. & GRIZELJ, A. (2006): Provenance of the upper Miocene clastic material in the southwestern part of the Pannonian Basin.– Geol. Carpath., 57/6, 495-510.
KOVAČIĆ, M., ZUPANIČ, J., BABIĆ, LJ, VRSALJKO, D., MIKNIĆ, M., BAKRAČ, K., HEĆIMOVIĆ, I., AVANIĆ, R., BRKIĆ, M. (2004): Lacustrine basin to delta evolution in the Zagorje Basin, a Pannonian sub-basin (Late Miocene: Pontian, NW Croatia).– Facies 50, 19–33. doi: 10.1007/s10347-003-0001-6
KUREČIĆ, T. (2017): Sedimentologija i paleoekologija Pliocenskih Viviparus slojeva Vukomeričkih gorica [Sedimentology and paleoecology of Pliocene Viviparus beds from the area of Vukomeričke Gorice – in Croatian].– Unpubl. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 153 p.
LAHUSEN, S. R., DUVALL, A. R., BOOTH, A. M., MONTGOMERY, D. R. (2016): Surface roughness dating of long-runout landslides near Oso, Washington (USA), reveals persistent postglacial hillslope instability.– Geology, 44, 111-114. doi: 10.1130/G37267.1
MAHALINGAM, R., OLSEN, M. J. & O’BANION, M. S. (2016): Evaluation of landslide susceptibility mapping techniques using lidar-derived conditioning factors (Oregon case study).– Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 7/6, 1884-1907. doi: 10.1080/19475705.2016.1172520
McCALPIN, J. (1984): Preliminary Age Classification of Landslides for Inventory Mapping.- In: Proc. Surface Observation and Geologic Mapping 229, 21st Engineering Geology and Soils Engineering Symposium, University of Idaho, Moscow, pp. 99-120.
PALENZUELA, J. A., MARSELLA, M., NARDINOCCHI, C., PÉREZ, J. L., FERNÁNDEZ, T., CHACÓN, J. & IRIGARAY, C. (2015): Landslide detection and inventory by integrating LiDAR data in a GIS environment.- Landslides, 12, 6, doi: 10.1007/s10346-014-0534-5
PAMIĆ, J. (1990): Alpinski granitoidi, migmatiti i metamorfiti Moslavačke gore i okolne podloge Panonskog bazena (sjeverna Hrvatska, Jugoslavija) [Alpine granitoids, migmatites and metamorphites of Moslavačka gora and the surrounding basement of the Pannonian Basin (Northern Croatia, Yugoslavia) – in Croatian].– Posebna izdanja JAZU, Razr. prir. znan., 10, 7-121.
PAMIĆ, J., BALEN, D., & TIBLJAŠ, D. (2002): Petrology and geochemistry of orthoamphibolites from the Variscan metamorphic sequences of the South Tisia in Croatia - an overview with geodynamic implications.– International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91, 787–798. doi: 10.1007/s00531-002-0258-y
PAMIĆ, J., KRKALO, E. & PROHIĆ, E. (1984): Granites from the northwestern slopes of Mt. Moslavačka Gora in northern Croatia.– Geologija, 27, 201-212.
PAVELIĆ, D. & KOVAČIĆ, M. (1999): Lower Miocene alluvial deposits of the Požeška Mt. (Pannonian Basin, northern Croatia): cycles, megacycles and tectonic implications.– Geol. Croat., 52, 67–76.
PAVELIĆ, D. & KOVAČIĆ, M. (2018): Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Neogene rift-type North Croatian Basin (Pannonian Basin System, Croatia): A review.– Mar. Petrol. Geol., 91, 455-469. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.01.026
PAVELIĆ, D. (2001): Tectonostratigraphic model for the North Croatian and North Bosnian sector of the Miocene Pannonian Basin System.– Basin Res., 13, 359-376. doi: 10.1046/j.0950-091x.2001.00155.x
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